Types of Probability Sampling and Chi-Square Testing

Flashcards covering key concepts of probability sampling methods, chi-square testing, and ethical considerations in research.

Simple Random Sampling

A method of sampling where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Sampling Frame

A list of population elements from which a sample is drawn.

Systematic Sampling

A sampling method that involves selecting a random start point and then taking every nth name from the list.

Stratified Sampling

A sampling method where the population is divided into mutually exclusive groups (strata) and samples are randomly taken from each group.

Cluster Sampling

A sampling method where groups are randomly selected, and all individuals within those groups are surveyed.

Proportionate Stratified Sampling

Sampling in which the size of the sample from each stratum is proportional to the size of that stratum in the population.

Disproportionate Stratified Sampling

Sampling where the sizes of the samples from each stratum do not reflect the proportions of the population.

Chi-Square Test

A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant association between categorical variables.

Causal Variable

The presumed variable that causes changes in another variable.

Expected Values in Chi-Square

Calculated values that represent what would be expected if there were no association between the variables.

Degrees of Freedom

A parameter used in statistical tests, calculated as the number of categories minus one.

Ethics in Research

The moral principles guiding research, particularly concerning honesty and transparency in data reporting.

Null Hypothesis

A statement proposing that there is no significant difference or effect in the experimental data.