Lecture Quiz 3 -> Lecture Exam 3

Chapter 22 (1-108) & Chapter 23 (109)

ATP synthesis requires __ and produces __

O2

CO2

The respiratory system delivers __ to our __

air

lungs

The respiratory system collaborates with the __ system

why?

This collaboration is also known as…

cardiovascular system

to deliver O2 to tissues and remove CO2

cardiopulmonary system

The respiratory system also collaborates with the __ system to…

urinary system

regulate acid-base balance

Functions of the respiratory system…

1. gas exchange

2. communication

3. olfaction

4. acid-base balance

5. blood pressure regulation

6. platelet production

7. blood and lymph flow

8. blood filtration

9. expulsion of abdominal contents

What makes up the respiratory system…

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

In the lungs how does air flow?

bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

incoming stops at alveoli

exchanges gases with the bloodstream through alveolar wall

and then flows back out

All about the conducting zone…

nostrils to major bronchioles

only for airflow

• walls are too thick for diffusion of oxygen into the blood

All about the respiratory zone…

alveoli and other gas exchange regions of the distal airway

What makes up the upper respiratory tract

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

what makes up the lower respiratory tract

trachea → lungs

What are the functions of the nose

1. warms, filters, humidifies inhaled air

2. detects odors

3. resonating chamber that amplifies the voice

what makes up the nose

nostrils (nares) → posterior nasal apertures

What is the nasal conchae?

three folds of tissue

1. superior

2. middle

3. inferior

Olfactory epithelium

sense of smell

• ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

cilia are immobile and bind odorant molecules

Respiratory epithelium

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

• goblet cells secrete mucus

cilia are motile and propel mucus toward pharynx

What is the pharynx?

muscular funnel that extends from the posterior nasal apertures to the larynx

these muscles help with swallowing and speech

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx

1. nasopharynx

2. oropharynx

3. laryngopharynx

About the nasopharynx

receives auditory tubes

contains pharyngeal tonsil

passes only air

• pseudostratified columnar epithelium

About the oropharynx

contains palatine tonsils

passes air, food, and drink

• stratified squamous epithelium

About the laryngopharynx

esophagus begins at this point

passes air, food, and drink

• stratified squamous epithelium (more abrasion resistant)

What is the larynx and its function?

aka: voice box

cartilaginous structure chamber

keeps food and drink out of airways

What is the additional role of the larynx?

phonation- production of sound

What is the epiglottis?

flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx

There are 9 cartilages that make up the framework of the larynx. What are the three large and mainly solitary?

1. epiglottic cartilage

2. thyroid cartilage

3. cricoid cartilage

What is and isn’t the function of the superior vestibular fold?

no role in speech

closes larynx during swallowing

what is the function of the inferior vocal cords?

produce sound when air passes through

contain vocal ligaments

covered with stratified squamous epithelium

the glottis is…

the vocal cords and the opening between them

Adult male vocal cords are usually __ & __ vibrate slower creating a __

longer & thicker

lower-pitched sound

How is loudness determined?

determined by force of air passing between vocal cords

Crude sound is determined by?

pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, and lips

What is the trachea? What is the function?

aka windpipe

a tube anterior to the esophagus that is supported by 16-20 c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

keeps trachea from collapsing during inhalation

what is the inner lining of the trachea?

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed mainly of goblet cells that secrete mucus, ciliated cells, short basal stem cells

explain the mucociliary escalator

a mechanosm for debris removal

the mucus of the inner lining of the trachea traps inhaled particles

the cilia carry those particles up towards the pharynx

it is then swallowed

tracheostomy

a temporary hole in the trachea where a tube is inserted to allow person to breathe

done by a doctor

cricothyroidotomy

medical procedure that can be done by skilled EMT

It is an emergency situation that is temporary to keep person breathing until able to fix

places a tube in the soft spot of the trachea

Bronchial tree

a branching system of air tubes

that extends from main bronchus to terminal bronchioles

Main (primary) bronchi

supported by c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Lobar (secondary) bronchi

supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates

right lung vs left lung

right

• shorter because of liver

• three lobes

• separated by horizontal & oblique fissure

left

• taller and narrower because heart tilts left

• cardiac impression

• two lobes separated by single oblique fissure

what are bronchioles?

continuations of the airway that lacks supportive cartilage

• ciliated cuboidal epithelium

bronchioles divide into many…

terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles give off to two or more smaller __

respiratory bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles have __ budding from their walls

alveoli

alveoli provide… for the lungs

a surface for gas exchange

what type of cells are alveoli made of

squamous (type 1) alveolar cells

• thin & broad cells

• make up 95% of alveolar surface

greater (type 2) alveolar cells

• repair damage

• make up 5% of alveolar surface

Greater alveolar cells (type 2) are important because they secrete…

pulmonary surfactant

which prevents collapsing during exhalation

What is the most numerous cell in the lung?

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

Alveolus are surrounded by

webs of blood capillaries

Visceral pleura

serous membrane that covers lungs

Parietal pleura

adheres to mediastinum (inner surface of rib cage) and the superior surface of diaphragm

Pleural cavity

potential space between pleurae (visceral & parietal)

What is the function of pleurae?

1. reduce friction

2. create a pressure gradient

3. compartmentalize

Breathing/Pulmonary Ventilation

repetitive cycle of inspiration and expiration

What are the two types of respiration

1. quiet: effortless & automatic

2. forced: deep, rapid breathing

   • exercise

What does air flow depend on?

pressure difference

(outside air vs air inside lungs)

What is the diaphragm?

prime mover of respiration

As the diaphragm descends, thoracic cavity __ and air __

this is called?

enlarges

enters

contraction

As the diaphragm bulges upward, lungs __ and air is __

this is called?

compress

expelled

relaxation

What do external intercostal muscles prevent?

prevent thoracic cavity from caving inward when diaphragm descends

scalenes hold what stationary in quiet respiration

ribs 1 & 2

Normal quiet expiration is

energy saving passive process

achieved by the elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage

air flows out

In forced expiration the rectus abdominis

pulls down on the sternum and lower ribs

the internal intercostal and serratus pull the other ribs down

increases pressure

air is forced out

Forced expiration can be helpful with

singing and public speaking

Valsalva maneuver is when

(Examples)

you take a deep breath

hold it

contract abs

which raises pressure and pushes organ contents out

(childbirth, urination, defecation, vomiting)

The exact mechanism for setting rhythm of respiration remains know or unknown?

unknown

Breathing depends on repetitive stimuli from the __

brain (CNS)

The automatic/unconscious cycle of breathing is controlled by 3 pairs of respiratory centers. They are called

1. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

2. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

3. Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

Ventral respiratory group

inspiratory & expiratory neurons

Dorsal respiratory group

modifies VRG output

Pontine respiratory group

modifies output based on higher brain input

What is hyperventilation?

anxiety-triggered

when rapid breathing expels CO2 too fast

Irritant receptors respond too?

smoke, dust, pollen, excess mucus

atmospheric pressure drives __

respiration

Boyles Law

pressure and volume of gas have an inverse relationship when temperature remains constant

Charles Law

volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature when pressure is held constant

Pneumothorax

the air in the pleural cavity

Atelectasis

collapse of part or all of your lung

What are 3 factors that influence resistance

1. Diameter of bronchioles (dilation & constriction)

2. Pulmonary compliance (ease of lung expansion)

3. Surface tension of alveoli & distal bronchioles

What two things are needed for gas exchange?

water- creates surface tension

pulmonary surfactant- decreases surface tension

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

preemies that lack pulmonary surfactant

• difficulty breathing

• treated with artificial surfactant

Spirometer captures expired breath & records…

1. depth of breath

2. speed of expiration

3. rate of O2 consumption

Tidal Volume (TV)

inhaled & exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing

average: 500 mL

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

air in excess of TV, inhaled with maximum effort

average: 3,000

Expiratory Reserve Volume

air in excess of Tv, exhaled with maximum effort

Residual Volume

air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

average: 1,300

Vital capacity

total amount of air that can be inhaled & exhaled with maximum effort

VC= ERV + TV + IRV

Inspiratory capacity

maximum air that can be inhaled after normal tidal expiration

IC= TV + IRV

Functional residual capacity

air remaining in lungs after normal tidal expiration

FRC= RV + ERV

Total lung capacity

TLC= RV + VC

Restrictive lung disorders reduce

(examples)

pulmonary compliance

limit lung inflation

reduce VC

(black lung disease, tuberculosis, pulmonary fibrosis)

Obstructive lung disorders

(examples)

interfere with airflow by narrowing airway

harder to inhale and exhale

reduce FEV

(asthma, chronic bronchitis)

Emphysema

combines elements of restrictive & obstructive disorders

Forced Expiratory Volume

% of VC exhaled in given time interval

Minute respiratory volume

air inhaled per minute

Maximum voluntary ventilation

MRV during heavy exercises

Dalton’s Law

total atmospheric pressure=sum of contributions of individual gases

Carbon monoxide

competes for O2 binding sites

• colorless, odorless gas in cigarette smoke, engine exhaust, furnace fumes, space heaters

Acidosis

blood pH < 7.35