Anp Review Nervous System

What does the Central Nervous system include?

spinal cord and the brain

Where is the central nervous system located?

centrally

What is the peripheral nervous system?

all the nerves that branch out from the spinal cord into the body

What is another term for supporting cells?

glial cells

What are glial cells?

not neurons that support the nervous system; CNS (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal); PNS (Schwann and Satellite)

What do astrocytes do?

anchor neurons and brace them (hold connections in place), also clear out neurotransmitters,

What glial cell looks like extensions?

astrocytes

What do oligodendrocytes do?

produce myelin sheath for the CNS

What glial cell looks like branches?

oligodendrocytes

What do ependymal cells do?

line surface of different ventricles in brain and spine, also maintain the cerebrospinal fluid

What do microglia cells do?

they are immune cells that eat dead neurons (phagocytes)

What do Schwann cells do?

produce myelin sheath for PNS and are only on one axon

What do satellite cells do?

they are found in PNS and lay flat on the soma (cell bodies) of neurons, also they insulate soma for PNS neurons

What are neurons?

excitable cells (functional), go through action potential to send electro-chemical signals, and handle communication (three types)

What are dendrites?

they are on the neuron and pick up senses or signals (travel throughout soma or cell body)

What is the axon?

it is on the neuron, act as a tail; sending electrical signals down

What is the myelin sheath?

it is on the axon, and covers axons and allow them to travel faster, it has exposed areas (node of remview) that allow for action potential/jump

What is the axon terminal?

it is on the neuron, where electrical signals stop and where chemical signal stops, they are told to release neurotransmitters

What are sensory neurons?

also called afferent, take signals and travel to the CNS

What are inter neurons?

in the spinal column and process information

What are motor neurons?

also called efferent, carry responses from interneurons to the cell it needs to communicate with

What is the synaptic cleft?

where nerve impulses travel and wait at at the axon terminal, they receive signals and release vesicles with neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft, it is a small space between communication neurons or cells (the neurons will attach to receptor proteins) *each neurotransmitter has it’s own receptor

What are nerves?

bundle of axons, some have axons from both CNS and PNS or one only, they’re bundled into fascicles, tubes holding axons

What is ganglia?

where the cell body is grouped, connect with interneuron that connects with motor neuron, it is inflated parts located mainly close to the brain and spinal cord,

What does the Cerebrum control?

conscious activities (skeletal movement, planning, cognition), memories, languages, and senses

Where is the lateral suculus?

on either side of the brain separating the temporal and frontal lobe

Where is the central sulus?

top part of the brain, separating parental and frontal lobe

Where is the the lateral fissure?

below the occipital love, separating cerebrum from cerebellum, much deeper; down center

What does the longitudal fissure separate?

the right and left

What does a gyre look like?

puffed up ridges or folds in the cerebrum

What does a sulcus look like?

little canyons around the grye

What part of the body does the right hemisphere of the brain control?

left side part of the body

What part of the body does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

right side of the body

What does the cerebellum control?

precise movements, muscle control, coordination, and balance (lower part of brain)

How many parts does the brain stem have?

three (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata)

What does the pons control?

face, eye movements, hearing, balance, and facial sensations (mid)

What does the medulla oblongata control?

breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing (subconscious/involuntary and located on the bottom)

What does the midbrain control?

eye movement; helps with visual and hearing processing (top)

What does the thalamus do?

relaying sensory messages (except smell) and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, also regulates alertness

What does the hypothalamus do?

It’s controlled by the pituitary gland underneath it; hypothalamus is under the thalamus, the pituitary gland tells what hormones to release to coordinate the endocrine system in many functions: regulating temp, appetite, and circadian rhythm (all endocrine system’s communication)

What is dura mater?

a connective tissue covering; two layers; it helps connect to the skulls; provides the fluid that will pass through underneath; outermost layer covering the brain

What are the two dura mater layers?

arachnid mater (spacious) and Pia mater (thin and clear)

What is grey matter?

darker than white matter; around the edges of brain, surrounded by bundles of cell bodies and dendrites around them; where info is collected and processed (40% of brain)

What is white matter?

lighter than grey matter due to where the tails of neurons are located (they are myelinated); fatty layer around them (insulation); responsible for communication (60% of brain)

Where can both white matter and grey matter be found?

on the spinal cord

What are tracts?

collection of axons of neurons in the CNS

What are nuclei?

cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the CNS

What are nerves?

collection of axons in the PNS ex. cranial nerves and spinal nerves

What are ganglia?

cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the PNS

What carries out sensing in the nervous system?

afferent or the sensory neurons; information is collected through sense

What carries out integration in the nervous system?

inter neurons; processing and evaluating information

What carries out responding in the nervous system?

motor neurons or the efferent neurons; initiating a response to information

What are the four regions of the brain?

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and the cerebellum

What is the cerebrum in a much more detailed analysis?

frontal part, full of grey and white matter in its central part, its largest part controls movement and regulating temp; smaller parts deal with senses, speaking, and feeling

What is the diencephalon in a much more detailed analysis??

central core, containing many parts: thalamus (edits and relays informations), hypothalamus (Regulates endocrine system), and the epithalamus ( contains the pineal gland that makes melatonin

What is the brain stem in a much more detailed analysis?

has three main parts: midbrain (deals with hearing and movement in environment), pons (four cranial nerves for blinking, vision, and balance), Medulla (regulates the heart, breathing, and reflexive activities

What is the cerebellum in a much more detailed analysis?

back two hemisphere; inner (uses neuron) and outer (uses communication with cortex), it contains voluntary movements and balance of the body

Don’t need to know; What is the responsibility of the frontal lobe?

emotion regulation, planning, reasoning, and problem solving

Don’t need to know; What is the responsibility of the temporal lobe?

processing sensory information, hearing, language, and forming memories

Don’t need to know; What is the responsibility of the parental lobe?

sensory info (touch, temperature, pressure, and pain

Don’t need to know; What is the responsibility of the occipital lobe?

depth, distance, location, and objects

What are meninges?

a protective covering (three laters) surrounding the brain and spinal cord

What does the pituitary gland do in a much more detailed analysis?

pea sized structure, governs the function of other lands, regulates hormones from thyroid, adrenals, and ovaries, they receive chemical signals from hypothalmus

What does the hypothalamus do in a much more detailed analysis?

sends chemical messages, regulates body temp, synchronizes sleep patterns, controls hunger/thirst, and some aspects of memory and emotion

What does the pineal gland do in a much more detailed analysis?

responds to light and dark, secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythm, and sleep-wake cycle

What does the thalamus do in a much more detailed analysis?

relay station of all incoming movement and sensory info, egg shaped

What does the amygdala do in a much more detailed analysis?

almond shaped that deal with emotional processing (fear and anxiety)

What is resting potential?

unstimulated state of neuron, negative charge inside cell, and positively charged outside of the cell

What is the first step in action potential?

neurons receive a signal and gated channels open up; allowing for Na+ on the outside to enter the cell; the voltage rises inside the neuron to the threshold of -55mv

The second step in action potential is depolarization, what is that?

when -55mv is reached (thousands of sodium channels open, and positively charged Na+ rush in), the charge on the cell neck,es depolarized or way more positive on the inside

Stimulation during the second step of action potential will continue along the length of what?

axon

What happens if the voltage does not reach the threshold after a stimulus?

no action potential occurs

What is repolarization in action potential?

when another gate is opened that allows K+ ti rush out of the cell, this restores optional membrane polarization; K+ are outside; Na+ are inside

What is the refractory period?

where membrane is polarized; Na+ and K+ are on the wrong side of the membrane; neuron will not respond to a new stimulus; Na+ and K+ are returned to their resting potential location by Na+ and K+ pumps in the axon cell membrane

What is the first step in neurotransmission?

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization of the membrane causes gated channels to open and allow Ca2+ (Calcium) to enter the cell

What is the second step in neurotransmission?

The influx of Ca2+ causes vesicles to release molecules of a chemical called a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

What is the third step in neurotransmission?

The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with receptor proteins on the other neuron.  Different proteins are receptors for different neurotransmitters.

What is the fourth step in neurotransmission?

the neuron either gets excited or inhibited depending on which particular neurotransmitter binds to which receptors

What is synapse ?

the space between the neurons where the impulse (message) is passed. Neurons do not touch.

What interrupts the communication between neurons

drugs and alcohol

What does letter A represent?

dendrites

What does letter B represent?

cell body

What does letter C represent?

axon hillock

What does letter D represent?

myelin sheath

What does letter E represent?

axon

What does letter F represent?

axon terminals

What does the myelin sheath do for a neuron?

speeds up electrical signal

What are Ganglia clusters of?

cell bodies in the PNS

The thalamus and hypothalamus are part of the….

diencephalon

Which part of a neuron carries an action potential?

axon