Critical Phases Exam 4

Adolescence

social construct, transition from childhood to adulthood

What age is considered adolescence?

12-20

what varies about the entry into adulthood?

legal, sociological, and psychosocial definitions

what kinds of opportunities are there in adolescence?

physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth

risks to healthy development

Alcohol/drug use, sexual activity, gang activity, use of firearms

how to limit risks associated with alcohol, drug use, and sexual activity?

parents talk about harm reduction

use of fire arms

gone up 30%

binge drinking

higher risk

how many teens experience no major problems?

80%

hormones

affect mood and behavior

how long does puberty take?

3-4 years

who does puberty begin earlier in?

girls (10-12)

when does puberty usually start for boys?

11-14

when does puberty end?

when a person a reproduce

issue with puberty

has arrived earlier over the last 100 years due to improved living conditions

precousious puberty

happens really early (8ish), if person's BMI is higher, they are more likely to have early puberty

Physical changes in puberty

-growth spurt

-primary sex characteristics (reproductive organs) enlarge and mature

-secondary sex characteristics appear (breasts, pubic hair, muscles)

Sexual maturity

sperm production (13) & menstruation (12-13), when you can have a baby

psychological affects of puberty

early or late maturation, people are mean to you because you look different

what are adolescent brain networks responsible for?

outbursts, risky behavior, & risk-taking in groups (because frontal lobe still developing)

younger teens

immature brain- amygdala (involved in emotion and instinct), lead with feelings more than reason

older teens

frontal lobe (reasoning, judgment, impulse control)- use frontal lobe more

adolescent brain

-increase in the white matter continues

-pruning of unused dendrites reduced gray matter

-brain becomes more efficient

how does the brain develop?

starts in back and moves forward, frontal lobe still not reached by adolescence

health

adolescent years are relatively healthy

what are health problems associated with?

poverty or high-risk behaviors (alcohol, sexual activity, lack of resources)

what are adolescents less likely then younger children to get?

medical care

what do teens engage in less?

physical activity

what do kids in food deserts have a higher rate of?

gallbladder disease because of fats in foods

sleep

melatonin is secreted later once puberty occurs

do half of teens report?

that they do not get enough sleep, school schedule is out of synch with natural body rhythms

what may lead to obsessive dieting or eating disorders?

concern with body image (eating disorders are more prevalent)

obesity

34%, BMI > 30

what is twice as prevalent in the U.S. as in other industrialized counties?

obesity (because of portion size, high-fat diet)

Anorexia nervosa

0.3-0.5%, less common, more dangerous (loss of body fat)

Bulima Nervosa

1-2%, binging and purging (most of normal weight), better health outcomes

most popular drugs

marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco (has gone done because more people vape)

drugs

peer pressure, parental disapproval, should use harm reduction for all

average age of first-time ATOD use?

13

how many addictions begin in adolescence?

40%, kids get it from parents

national program in schools to educate teens about ATOD use?

DARE

how many teens have tried an elicit drug in high school?

almost 1/2 (prescription drugs, DXM)

incidence of depression

increase, especially in girls

how many teens have had an episode of clinical depression?

15-20% (2 weeks)

leading causes of death

MVSs (motor vehicle accidents), firearm use, and suicide

suicide

gone up 20%, LGBTQ more then a third due to discrimination

reasons for motor vehicle accidents

men = wore drivers (speed), women = distracted drivers

piget's stage of formal observations

hypothetical-deductive reasoning (can thing in terms of possibilities, deal flexibly with problems)

what are important in getting to the hypothetical-deductive reasoning stage?

brain maturation, environmental stimulation, schooling & culture

less exposure to diversity

less able to be accepting of things

what percent of homeless people have jobs?

44% (dangerous to make assumptions about a group based on one interaction)

formal operations

-not all people are become capable (can't think about other things)

-those who are capable do not always use it (don't learn if other people do things for you)

Piaget - cognitive maturation

-did not pay much attention to individual differences or the role of the situation (only what happened most of the time)

-does not take into experience and expertise

cognitive maturation

vocabulary and other aspects of language develop (adolescents enjoy wordplay & create their own vocabulary)

creation of own vocabulary

strengthens group identity and shuts out outsiders

Elkind - Cognitive maturation

inexperience with formal operations/thinking may result in immature thought patterns (think only one solution)

experience

done it a lot

expertise

good at it

characteristics of adolescence

idealism, criticalness, argumentativeness, indecisiveness, self-consciousness, and an assumption of specialness and invulnerability (don't think anything will happen to you)

Kohlberg - Moral Judgement

moral reasoning is based on a developing sense of justice & growing cognitive abilities

Kohlberg moral judgement process

external control - 4-10 (being told what to do), internalized societal standards - after 10/many don't move past (do what is expected in society), personal principled moral codes - young adult (do what is right)

equality

everyone gets the same treatment

justice

everyone one has same chance

criticisms of Kohlberg's theory

-failed to credit socialization and parental guidance

-may not be applicable to females or people in nonwestern cultures

how men see morality

in terms of justice & fairness

how women see morality

in terms of responsibility to show caring & avoid harm

who has more prosocial behavior

girls

what percent of adolescents engage in some sort of volunteer activity?

50%

what is sense of developing identity linked to?

-civic involvement

-girls have more than boys

-high SES has more than low

what is school success influenced by?

social capital

social capital

self-efficacy, academic motivation, SES, parental involvement, parenting styles, peer influences, ethnicity, quality of schooling

what percent of Americans graduate from high school?

87% (Asians highest - 92%)

who is dropout rate higher among?

poor, Hispanic & African-American students, & kids who don't live with both parents

educational & vocational planning

-influenced by parents' and kid's self-efficacy & parents' values & aspirations

-gender stereotypes still exert some influence

what percent of HS graduates do not immediately go to college?

37%, may benefit from vocational training

Part-time work

both positive and negative effects on educational, social, & occupational development

central concern during adolescence

search for identity (occupational, sexual, and values components)

Erik Erikson

identity vs. identity confusion

what doe Erikson's conflict result in?

virtue is fidelity/loyalty, belonging -> an extension of trust

how do women develop identity?

through marriage & motherhood (intimacy)

How do men develop identity?

through a stable identity, necessary before intimacy

James Marcia's 4 identity statuses

identity achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, identity diffusion

identity achievement

-identity crisis resolved -> mature & socially competent

-commitment and crisis

foreclosure

-accepts another's plans for their life -> obedient; follows a powerful leader

-commitment

moratorium

-anxious, fearful, resists authority -> no commitment

-crisis

identity diffusion

-unsure, uncooperative, unhappy, lonely

-parents leave it up to teen -> no commitment

girls' self-esteem

depends more on connections with others

boys' self-esteem

depends more on individual achievement

diffuse (ethnicity)

little or no exploration of ethnicity; doesn't understand issues (know grandparents are from country)

foreclosed (ethnicity)

little or no exploration of ethnicity, but clear feelings (+ or -)

moratorium (ethnicity)

beginning to explore, but confused about what ethnicity means to the person, most teenagers here

achieved (ethnicity)

explores identity; understands & accepts ethnicity

sexual orientation

-influenced by interactions of biological & environmental factors

-change in sexual attitudes between generations

-still don't tolerate cheaters

sexual practices

-more liberal

-risks (determined by peer group and parents)

-misleading info comes from the media STD

who is at greatest risk in sexual practices?

early activity, multiple partners, unsafe sex, uninformed

comprehensive sex ed programs

delay sex, encourage contraceptive use

abstinence only

unsuccessful because does not do harm reduction

best safeguard for sexually active teens

regular condom use

STDs

-U.S. rates are highest in the world

-1 in 3 occurs in teens

-more likely to develop undetected in girls

-can be transmitted by oral sex

teen pregnancy

-highest in the industrialized world

-most are unintended & mothers are unmarried