AP Human Geography Unit 7

Industry

any economic activity that uses machinery on a large scale to process raw materials into finished goods

Raw materials

include metal, wood, plant products, animal products or other substances that are used to make goods intended for sale to customers

Industrialization

process by which the interaction of social and economic factors lead to the development of industries across a community, region or country

Industrial Revolution

period in the 18th century in Brittain and spread to other countries in western Europe and North America where which the countries are industrializing

Cottage Industries

members of a country spread out through rural areas, worked in their homes to make goods

Economic Sectors

categories of economic activity that classify the types of production and services in an economy

Primary Sector

associated with activities involving the extraction of natural resources from the Earth. Ex: Agriculture, Mining, extracting liquids and gases

Secondary Sector

associated with the production of goods from the raw materials extracted or harvested in the primary sector Ex: Manufacturing, processing, construction

Tertiary Sector

is also called the service sector because it provides services rather than finished goods Ex: transportation, storage, marketing, selling goods

Quaternary Sector

portion of the tertiary sector activities that require workers to process and handle information and environmental technology Ex: Software developers, researchers, educators

Quinary Sector

specialized subcategory of work involves the top leaders in government, science, universities, nonprofit organizations, healthcare, culture and media. Ex: Politicians

Postindustrial Economy

a stage of economic development where the service (tertiary) sector and knowledge-based sectors (quaternary/quinary) dominate surpassing manufacturing (secondary) and agriculture (primary) in GDP and employment

Dual Economies

two distinct divisions of economic activity across the economic sectors

Least-cost theory

a model that geographers use to analyze spatial patterns in the secondary economic sector

Agglomeration

a cluster seen in cities where businesses cluster for shared resources

Break-of-bulk Points

locations where it is more economical to break raw materials into smaller units before shipping them farther

Bulk-reducing Industries

raw materials cost more to transport the finished goods

Bulk-gaining industries

raw materials cost less to transport than the finished goods

Industrial parks

is a collection of manufacturing facilities

GDP

gross domestic product is the total value of everything a country makes and sells

Kuznets curve

theory suggesting that as an economy develops, income inequality first rises, then falls

Income Inequality

the uneven distribution of income within a population, some individuals earn significantly more than others creating a gap between between rich and poor

Dependency Theory

a country relies on exporting raw materials to wealthier countries while importing expensive manufactured goods