Has a fixed shape and volume Cannot be compressed Tends to have high densities and do not flow
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Solid particle arrangement
Close together held by strong forces of attraction Regular lattice arrangement Vibrate around a fixed point
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Liquid
Has a fixed volume Takes the shape of the bottom of the container Difficult to compress Flows easily Tends to have lower densities than solids
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Liquid particle arrangement
Close together (very little separation) Disordered (random arrangement) Moves randomly, "sliding" over each other
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Gas
Takes the shape and volume of the container Can be compressed Flows easily Has the lowest densities
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Gas particle arrangement
Far apart Arranged randomly Move randomly and rapidly
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Solid to Liquid
Melting
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Liquid to Solid
Freezing
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Liquid to Gas
Evaporation
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Gas to Liquid
Condensation
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Solid to Gas
Sublimation
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Gas to Solid
Deposition
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Boiling
Occurs when the liquid is heated so that the particles are moving fast enough to overcome the forces of attraction - bubbles of gaseous particles are formed throughout the liquid
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Evaporation
In a liquid, a few of the faster particles, near the surface of the liquid, will have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction and form a gas
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A to B heating curve
Water is solid Temperature increases Particles are vibrating faster
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B to C heating curve
Melting Temperature stays the same Particles are overcoming the forces of attraction
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C to D heating curve
Liquid Temperature is increasing Particles are moving with more kinetic energy
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D to E heating curve
Change of state - boiling or evaporating Liquid to gas Temperature stays the same Particles are overcoming the forces of attraction
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E to F heating curve
Gas Temperature increases Particles are gaining more kinetic energy
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The heat put into the system is used to either:
Increase the temperature Change the state
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Increasing temperature in heating curve
Substance remains in the same state
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Changing state in heating curve
Substance remains at the same temperature Heat energy is used to overcome the forces that hold the molecules together (N.B. the molecules remain the same structure - their spacing changes)
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Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until a uniform mixture is produced
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What is the kinetic theory of matter?
Matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms and molecules) that are in constant motion
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High temperature and diffusion
The higher the temperature, the faster the particles will move
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Diffusion in states of matter
Faster in a gas than in a liquid The particles diffusing will collide with fewer particles in a gas than a liquid
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HCl and NH3 demonstration
The white smoke ring forms closer to the HCl side because HCL is heavier than NH3 and so moves slower down the glass tube
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Element
Made up of only one type of atom
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Compound
Two or more elements chemically combined / bonded
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Mixtures
Two or more different atoms or molecules not chemically bonded together
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Atom
The smallest particle
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Molecule
Two or more atoms (either the same element or different element) chemically bonded together
Studied by 62 people
