States of Matter

Solid

Has a fixed shape and volume
Cannot be compressed
Tends to have high densities and do not flow

Solid particle arrangement

Close together held by strong forces of attraction
Regular lattice arrangement
Vibrate around a fixed point

Liquid

Has a fixed volume
Takes the shape of the bottom of the container
Difficult to compress
Flows easily
Tends to have lower densities than solids

Liquid particle arrangement

Close together (very little separation)
Disordered (random arrangement)
Moves randomly, "sliding" over each other

Gas

Takes the shape and volume of the container
Can be compressed
Flows easily
Has the lowest densities

Gas particle arrangement

Far apart
Arranged randomly
Move randomly and rapidly

Solid to Liquid

Melting

Liquid to Solid

Freezing

Liquid to Gas

Evaporation

Gas to Liquid

Condensation

Solid to Gas

Sublimation

Gas to Solid

Deposition

Boiling

Occurs when the liquid is heated so that the particles are moving fast enough to overcome the forces of attraction - bubbles of gaseous particles are formed throughout the liquid

Evaporation

In a liquid, a few of the faster particles, near the surface of the liquid, will have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction and form a gas

A to B heating curve

Water is solid
Temperature increases
Particles are vibrating faster

B to C heating curve

Melting
Temperature stays the same
Particles are overcoming the forces of attraction

C to D heating curve

Liquid
Temperature is increasing
Particles are moving with more kinetic energy

D to E heating curve

Change of state - boiling or evaporating
Liquid to gas
Temperature stays the same
Particles are overcoming the forces of attraction

E to F heating curve

Gas
Temperature increases
Particles are gaining more kinetic energy

The heat put into the system is used to either:

Increase the temperature
Change the state

Increasing temperature in heating curve

Substance remains in the same state

Changing state in heating curve

Substance remains at the same temperature
Heat energy is used to overcome the forces that hold the molecules together (N.B. the molecules remain the same structure - their spacing changes)

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until a uniform mixture is produced

What is the kinetic theory of matter?

Matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms and molecules) that are in constant motion

High temperature and diffusion

The higher the temperature, the faster the particles will move

Diffusion in states of matter

Faster in a gas than in a liquid
The particles diffusing will collide with fewer particles in a gas than a liquid

HCl and NH3 demonstration

The white smoke ring forms closer to the HCl side because HCL is heavier than NH3 and so moves slower down the glass tube

Element

Made up of only one type of atom

Compound

Two or more elements chemically combined / bonded

Mixtures

Two or more different atoms or molecules not chemically bonded together

Atom

The smallest particle

Molecule

Two or more atoms (either the same element or different element) chemically bonded together