Lecture 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Integument System

ANAT 305 - Cross-Sectional Anatomy

Anatomy Definition

The study of body structure, examining the relationship between structures in the body

Gross Anatomy

Structures that can be examined without a microscope

Histology

Microscopic anatomy

• structures of tissues and their organization into organs

Levels of body organization, from smallest —> largest

Atoms in combination —> complex protein molecules —> protein filaments (chemical/molecular level) —> Muscle cells (cellular level) —> Muscle tissue (tissue level) —> Organ level

Three functions of the skeletal system

1. support and protect tissues of the body, providing a structure for the tissue to attach to

2. store and release minerals

3. blood formation

Two components of the skeletal system

Axial Skeleton: the core of the body

Appendicular Skeleton: supports the movement of the 4 appendages

5 Components of the Axial Skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, pelvis

Components of the Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral and pelvic girdle, limbs

3 Functions of the Muscular System

1. Generates locomotion

2. Provides additional support to organs/body

3. Generates heat energy through movement

Components and functions of Muscular System

• Axial muscles = core muscles

• Appendicular Muscles = move the appendages

2 Functions of the Integumentary System

1. protects against environmental hazards

2. helps control body temperature

Structures of the integumentary system

hair, nails, epidermis, and associated glands

Outer layer of integument system

epidermis

what layer of integumentary system contains sweat glands?

inner dermis

2 Functions of the Cardiovascular System

1. transports cells and dissolved materials,

2. regulates body temperature

   • Interacts with integument system

Structures of the CV system

heart and blood vessels

2 Functions of the Lymphatic System

1. defends against infection and disease

2. returns tissue fluid from blood stream

Structures of the lymphatic system

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, vessels

Thymus

Matures and develops T-cells

Spleen

sits posterior to midline axilla, filters metabolic waste products

Lymph Nodes

contain antibodies, which attack pathogens flowing through lymph system

Nervous System Function

1. Immediate response to stimuli

2. integrates activities of organs

Two components of the nervous system

CNS: Brain + spinal cord

PNS: neurons going towards regions of body

Endocrine System Function

Long term regulation of organ system

• similar to CNS but longer lasting effects

Structures of the endocrine system

Pituitary (master) , thyroid/parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, gonad glands

How do male and female gonads differ anatomically

male gonads sit outside the body in the scrotum, female gonads sit within the body in the pelvic cavity

Respiratory System Function

Exchange gas between air and circulating blood

• exchange between internal and external environment

Structures of the respiratory system

Nasal Cavity + Sinuses, airways, larynx, lungs, diaphragm

Diaphragm

located across costal (rib) margin, creates negative pressure in lungs to force air from environment to go into lungs

Digestive System Function

process and absorb nutrients

Two components of the Digestive System

1. Digestive Tube

2. Digestive Glands

Structures within the digestive tube

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small + large intestines, rectum

Structures of the digestive glands

Salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, stomach as well

Salivary glands

release amylase to break down carbs in oral cavity

Liver + Gall Bladder

release bile to break down fats

Pancreas

release proteases and lipases to break down fats

Why is the digestive system considered part of the outside world

it is a tube that begins at the mouth and ends with the rectum, we have to pull nutrients out of this tube into the body

Urinary System Function

Filters blood and eliminates water, salts & waste products

Structures of the urinary system

• Kidneys: filter blood

• Ureter: A tube that connects the kidneys to bladder

• Bladder: storage unit of urine

• Urethra: tube that connects the bladder to the external environment to release waste

Function of Reproductive Systems

Produce gametes and sex hormones

Gametes

reproductive cell (sperm or egg)

Sex Hormones

support reproductive activity

Superior/Cranial

Upper, towards the skull

Inferior/Caudal

Below, towards the tail

Posterior/Dorsal

Towards the back

Anterior/Ventral

Towards the front

Proximal

toward or nearest the core/trunk or the point of origin of a part

Distal

away from or farthest from the core/trunk or point of origin of a part

Is the wrist distal or proximal to the elbow

distal

is the shoulder distal or proximal to the elbow

proximal

Lateral

farther away from the middle

Medial

closer to the middle

Is the nipple medial or lateral to the belly button

lateral (and caudal)

Sagittal Plane

splits the body into left and right sides

Transverse Plane

Splits the body into superior and inferior sections

• perpendicular to the long axis of the body

Coronal (Frontal) Plane

Splits the body into anterior and posterior sections

Parasagittal Plane

Same direction as saggital plane, but off midline

Oblique Plane

Any plane that does not fall into the category of the others

1.

Cranium

2.

Occulus (eye)

3.

Auris (ear)

4

Oris (mouth)

5

Bucca (cheek)

6

Nasus (nose)

7

Mentis (chin)

8

Cephalon

9

Cervicis (neck)

10

Axilla (armpit)

11

Brachium (arm)

12

Antecubitis (anterior portion of elbow)

13

Antebrachium (anterior forearm)

14

Thoracis (chest)

15

Mamma (breast)

16

abdomen

17

Umbilicus (belly button)

18

Pelvis

19

Trunk

19 (on right hand)

Carpis (wrist)

20

Manus (hand)

21

Pollex (thumb)

22

Palma (palm, anterior surface of hand)

23

Digits (fingers)

1

inguen (groin)

• seperation from abdomen to thigh

2

Pubis (pubic bone)

3

Femur (thigh)

4

Patella (kneecap)

5

Crus (leg)

6.

Tarsus (ankle)

7

Digits (toes)

8

Pes (general term for foot)

9

Hallux (big toe)

Anatomical Landmarks of Posterior Body

1

Shoulder (acromion)

2

Dorsum (cord of upper back)

3

Olecranon (posterior portion of elbow)

4

Lumbus (lower back)

5

Gluteus (butt)

6

Popliteus (posterior portion of knee)

7

Sura (posterior aspect of leg)

• not thigh

8

Calcaneus (heel)