Lecture 12 Viridiplantae and Rhodophytae

What category includes Rhodophytae and Viridiplantae?

What are they?

What is their relationship?

Super kingdom Archaeplastida

Kingdoms

Sisters

Synapomorphies for Rhodophytae? Traits? How did they acquire chloroplast?

*Possess ability to produce carrageenan
(carbohydrate used as food additive)
*Possess ability to produce floridean
starch (polymer of glucose used for
energy storage)

Traits: phycoerythrin + phycocyanin, lack flagella

Acquired chloroplast through primary endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria to contain photosynthetic pigments

Synapomorphies for Viridiplantae?

Possesses chlorophyll A and B (in thylakoids)

Possess beta carotene

Starch storage in chloroplasts

Possess chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids called grana

What does Viridiplantae include? What is an important sister group?

Green Algae (Chlorophyceae) and Embryophytes

Charophytes

What algae forms lichen?

Trebouxiophyceae

What are coenobia? What is a thallus?

When a colonial form of algae has a colony with a specific number and arrangement of cells.

A flat sheet

Describe the flagellar ultrastructure in this image

Top - Biflagellate

Bottom: Quadriflagellate

Left: Counter Clockwise

Right: Clockwise

All: Cruciate

What is different about charophyceae (and embryophyta) flagellar ultrastructure compared to chlorophyceae?

They have asymmetric flagellar roots as opposed to cruciate

This means only one side of the cell has a microtubular band

Open vs closed mitosis?

In open, the nuclear membrane breaks down during prometaphase. In closed, it persists until after the anaphase.

Persistent vs non-persistent spindle

In non-persistent, spindle breaks down before new nuclear membrane forms in telophase. In persistent, spindle persists in telophase until wall starts to form.

Difference between phragmoplast and phycoplast?

Phragmoplast is when the golgi and microtubules are laying perpendicular to the plane of division

Phyco is when they are parallel to the plane of division

What do embryophytes and Charophyceae have in common?

Asymmetric flagella with MLS, open mitosis with persistent spindle, phragmoplast.