Global Pop (2025 Indiana University) Exam 2

Producer Roles

Manages recording and has final authority over sound (usually)

Engineer Roles

Oversee technical parts

Session Musicians Roles

Assist with composition

Auto-tune

an instrument/technology that alters the timbre of an instrument

Dissemination/performance technologies

Internet and Instruments

Legal "technologies"

Musical property

Joseph Shabalala (1940-2020)

known as Ladysmith Black Mambazo

"Ladysmith" (Ladysmith Black Mambazo) meaning

name of town

"Black" (Ladysmith Black Mambazo) meaning

local livestock

"Mambazo" (Ladysmith Black Mambazo) meaning= Zulu for axe (metaphor for group's sharpness)

Ladysmith Black Mambazo's 1973 debut album

Graceland

Isicathamiya style

Choral style with a chorus sung by Zulu men. Known for choreography which looks like a cat stalking. Call and response style

Why its called Isicathamiya

Named for choreography which resembles stalking like a cat

Isicathamiya roots

in choral singing and blackface minstrelsy. Developed in coal mines as work music 1920s/30s

Isicathamiya melody style

Gliding (sliding between pitches)

When Kwela was invented

African genre, 1950 and early 60s

Kwela instruments

Pennywhistle and guitar

What Kwela is known for

Associated with expression of black townships during repressive periods of apartheid

Where Mbaqanga emerged from

Mbaqanga Emerged from Kwela and sax jive in early 60s

Mbaqanga instruments

Electric guitar and bass which are the main instruments of this African genre

Mbaqanga's Instrumental line style

foreground in the mix equal time and volume

Mbaqanga musical technique

Call and response

How Paul Simon's Graceland went against Apartheid rules

Paid $200 hour, Flew them "Ladysmith Black Mambazo" first class

How the recording of Paul Simon's Graceland reflected Apartheid rules

Paul holds authority in the studio. Ladysmith Black Mambazo still had curfew and little voice in the studio

Graceland's Political stance

Apolitical stance

How Paul Simon's Graceland broke international boycott

Broke UN-approved boycott by performing live. Criticized for cultural appropriation

Apartheid (1948-1994)

Legal system of racial segregation. In music, it attempted to prevent Black South Africans from accessing international music and culture as well as sanitizing African music and rigorous censorship. Influenced the roles of production in music.

1976 Soweto Uprising

Protest in youth protest in Afrikaans which involved looting property from the police or things that were apartheid related. Met with police violence

Radio

to a device which transmits and receives an electromagnetic wave within a specific spectrum. Social medium used to connect people across geographic spaces

Space-based

specific geographic ranges

Simultaneous Quality of Radio

all listeners hear at once

Acousmatic Quality of Radio

listeners don't see source of sounds

Accessibility of Radio

inexpensive and can be homemade. Functions where the internet and TV are limited

Qualities of Community Radio

Nonprofit, focused on local needs and interests, meant to be accessible, can be a platform for musicians and styles

Radio in Chile

Media discourses were different from media discourse, government began to regulate radios (1922), Influenced by state forms of repression, censorship, or Leftist Political views

Mapuche Radio

developed in Central America by Mapuche members to connect with the rest of their tribes.

Mapudungun

Mapuche language. Forbidden to speak in schools

Argentina and Chilean governmental treatment of Mapuche Radio

Systematic extermination by governments in the 1990s through government cuts and high unemployment

Wallmapu

means hope of Mapuche in Mapudungun

Micros (Mapuche Radio)

short 3-5 minute stories of folklore

Wixage anai (Wake Up! Radio

short space to express Mapuche culture (language, stories, etc.)

Self-affirmation movement in Mapuche culture

not limited by genre but must be recognized as Mapuche

Mapuche Punk characteristics

Distorted guitar, rapped lyrics, Trutruka horn

Greta Thunberg

climate activist whose speech to the united nations in 2019 was turned into death metal (also 2019)

Other musical engagements by Thunberg

Album by The 1975, Fatboy Slim, Classical Cantata

Shellac Beetle

used to make biodegradable plastic for records

Suaka in Environmental Protest

band that did the Greta Metal Cover

Authenticity

historical accuracy and faithfulness

Suaka

a New York city metal band with deep roots in Indonesian culture, which follows massive riots at Metallica in 1993, while metal music was banned in Indonesia.

Navicula

Metal band, formed to address environmental effects of tourism industry in Bali

Where the name Navicula comes from

Refers to a microorganism

Unique Quality of Navicula's Albums

Albums produced with recycled materials (Tetra Pak, Tires), seed bombs, promise not to harm trees in producing their albums

Palm Oil's involvement in Indonesia

Employs 3 million people, destroys rainforests, displaces indigenous communities, brings animals near extinction (Orangutan, Sumatran tiger, pygmy elephant near extinction)

NGOs vs. Music in influence

NGOs are not necessarily more effective than musicians at inspiring behavioral change

Orality

songs passed by words of mouth (rumor, stories, tradition)

Oral Tradition

any music not transmitted in writing

Aurality

listening to music in new contexts

Virality

the rapid spread of orality

"Soon May the Wellerman Come" - 1830s New Zealand sea song that describes the Weller brother's whaling company harpooning a whale and hoisting it onto the ship

Orality of "Soon May the Wellerman Come" - Sung by an 80 year old man to [yada yada]

Weller Brothers

founded whaling station on Otago (1831) which used land based whaling. On average brought in 300 whales per season until whales declined and the company went bankrupt

Shanty "Soon May the Wellerman Come" and internationality

inherently global because whale trade part of global marketplace with links to colonialism

Shanty

work song on a ship or boat ("Soon May the Wellerman Come" is a sailor life story instead)

Heaving shanty

focused on jobs that require pushing something

Hauling shanty

focused on jobs that require pulling something. Categorized by stress on certain words/syllables to coordinate the pulling

Shantyman

vocal leader of shanties. Expected to improvise to keep workers interested and motivated

Oral Tradition of Sea Shanties

passed down without the aid of texts, responding to the particular circumstances of life at sea.

Sea song

sung by sailors or with lyrics about sea, but not used in work

Other musical practices at sea

Blackface minstrelsy, African-American banjo/fiddle music, Hawaiian hula

Sea Shanty Revivalism

died during 1884 and led to publication and collection of sea shanties. Concertized on piano in 1900s and led to the search of "authentic" performances in the 1950s

Authenticity

a cultural value that changes depending on genre and positionality of a listener/performer

Historical accuracy

valuing accuracy Is a modern construct

Cultural accuracy

gatekeeping cultural traditions

Faithfulness to self

people have multiple identities and positionalities

Andy Hildebrand

founder of Antares Audio, formerly an engineer for Exxon in "reflection seismology". Invented autotune because a friend joked that he needed technology to help him sing in tune.

Autotune

uses equations similar to ones used to find oil to auto-correct deviations from pitch

Autotune in terms of Authenticity

producers would fight tooth and nail to hide autotune in songs as to say that a singers vocals were authentic

AI (artificial intelligence)

broad categories of technologies designed to use human-like capabilities to perform specific tasks

Neural Network (Ai)

rely on the ability to improve over time

Natural language processing

allows computers to recognize analyze, and interpret human language

Legal ownership of voices

poor compensation, philosophical issues, artists have right to their recordings: voices, imitators, and image

Sampling

technique of incorporating sounds into a new composition

Loop

repeated excerpt of music

Fragments

sounds played only when triggered (like a sound board)

Lyrical reference

using a signature sound or lyric from another song to serve as a hook or verse

Intellectual Property

rights given to persons over the creation of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time

Industrial property

Trademarks, merch, logos,

HTO protection of Industrial Property

social purpose is to provide protection for the results of investment in the development of new technology, thus giving the incentive and means to finance research and development activities

Copyright

having information and property that people can use to create their own property

Paper Plane Samples

The Clash "Straight to Hell", Wreckz-n-effects, "Rump Shaker", A children's choir, Cash register bell, Gunshots from Street Fighter

Paper Plane Characteristics

overexaggerated lyrics about drugs and money. Neon and gold reference Tamil revolutionary heritage. Wants listeners to reconsider their biases about immigrant women

Fairlight CMI (1979)

one of the first digital keyboards to playback looped audio samples. Was very expensive, making it more accessible to high end studios

808

Designed to make demo recordings. Used by hip hop artists to incorporate samples

MPC3000

affordable device that is used to capture any piece of audio up to 13 sec

“Fear of Black Planet” Public Enemy

Used more than 150 samples and would have cost $5 million in sample clearances if current laws had been in place

Biz Markie Grand Music Ltd v Warner Bros 1991

used Gilbert O'Sullivan's "Alone Again" in "Alone Again" despite lack of permission. Before ruling 99% of drum samples were used without permission.