human growth final

• LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT

• is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span.

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• involves the body's physical makeup, including the brain nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep as a
  determinant of behavior. Height, weight and brain development

• COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• involves the ways that growth and change in learning, memory, problem solving, and intelligence influence a person's behavior. Abilities related to intelligence, memory, and thought processes

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

is the way in which individual's interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life

• Germinal Stage:

• First two weeks post-conception; zygote forms and attaches to the uterine wall. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum join to form a new cell

• Embryonic Stage:

• Weeks 3-8; major organs begin to form.

• Fetal Stage:

• Weeks 9 to birth; rapid growth and further development of body
  systems

First Stage:

Longest Stage Contractions every 8-10 minutes lasting 30 seconds; Contractions increase to their greatest intensity "transition"; Mother's cervix opens

second stage of labor

• Ends when baby is born; Baby's head moves through birth canal

third stage of labor

• shortest stage; Occurs when umbilical cord and placenta are expelled

• Teratogens:

• Environmental agents causing birth defects. Substances like drugs, alcohol, and certain medications that can harm fetal development, particularly during sensitive periods.

• Miscarriage

• spontaneous abortion

Genetics vs. Environment:

• Heredity is associated with "nature." and environment with "nurture."

Fine Motor Skills:

Activities like writing and grasping. Small movements

• Gross Motor Skills:

• Activities involving large muscles, like balancing. Large movements (crawling, walking).

• Rooting Reflex:

• Infants turn their head toward a touch on the cheek, aiding in feeding.

• Moro Reflex:

• Startle response to loss of support or loud sounds.

• Grasping Reflex:

• Automatic grasp when an object is placed in the infant's hand.

• Vision

• is the least developed sense at birth; hearing and taste are more advanced

• Placenta's Role:

• Transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and removes waste.

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome:

• Leading cause of death in infants

attachment

Defined as the bond between child and primary caregiver (Ainsworth's "secure base").

• Secure attachment pattern

• Confident needs will be consistently met.

• Avoidant attachment pattern

• Insecure, clinging behavior, fear of abandonment.

• Ambivalent attachment pattern

• Avoids contact, appears independent.

• Result of unmet needs and learned self-sufficiency.

• Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

• Most insecure; marked by confusion in interpreting emotions.

• Authoritative:

• Clear rules with communication.

• Authoritarian:

• Strict with less explanation.

• Permissive:

• Few rules, highly responsive.

• Uninvolved:

• indifferent; detached

• Trust vs. Mistrust:

infancy

• Autonomy vs. Shame:

toddlerhood

• Initiative vs. Guilt:

preschool age

• Gender Roles:

• Cultural expectations for male/female behavior.

• Gender Identity:

• Self-identification as male, female, or nonbinary; typically well-established by preschool age.

• Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years):

• Knowledge develops through sensory experiences.

• Preoperational Stage (2-7 years:

• Development of language and imagination; thinking is egocentric. Language and symbolic play emerge. Children develop symbolic thinking but struggle with logic.

• Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

• The gap between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with guidance.Learning occurs with guidance just beyond the child's current ability level.

• Language and Counting Skills:

• Language skills expand, and basic numeracy (like counting) begins during the preschool years.

• Theory of Mind:

• The ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one's own; typically develops around age 4-5.

• Solitary Play:

playing alone

• Parallel Play:

• Playing alongside others without interaction.

• Cooperative Play:

• Playing together, sharing, and coordinating activities.

• Physical Growth:

• Rapid changes in height, weight, and motor skills.

• Cognitive Skills:

• Language development and ability to process symbolic play. Piaget's Concrete Operational Thought

• Child enters concrete operational stage in ages 7 to 12; Involves applying logical operations to concrete problems

• Children can solve conservation problems; attain reversibility; are tied to concrete, physical reality

• Preconventional morality (Stages 1 and 2):

• People follow rules, attentive to rewards and punishments

• Conventional Morality (Stages 3 and 4):

• People approach problems in terms of their own position as good, responsible members of society

• Postconventional morality (Stages 5 and 6):

• Universal moral principles are invoked and considered broader than a particular society

• Social and Emotional:

• Development of industry (competence) or inferiority in elementary years (Erikson's stages).

• Puberty:

• Onset of reproductive capability; growth spurts and secondary sex characteristics (body hair, voice changes). Triggered by hormones such as testosterone in males and estrogen in females, leading to physical changes and reproductive maturity.

• Leading cause of death for adolescents and young adults:

accidents

• Formal Operational Stage (Piaget):

• Adolescents can think abstractly and hypothetically.Adolescents develop the ability to consider potential outcomes and plan for the future

Cognitive Changes:

• Abstract thinking, moral reasoning (moving from conventional to postconventional stages in Kohlberg's model).

• Identity Diffusion:

• Lack of commitment or exploration.

• Foreclosure:

• Commitment without exploration, often influenced by parents or authority.

• Moratorium:

• Active exploration without a clear commitment.

• Identity Achievement:

• Committing to an identity after exploring options.

• Personal Fable:

• Feeling of uniqueness in experiences.

• Imaginary Audience:

• Belief that everyone is focused on them.

• Autonomy and Peer Influence:

• Adolescents may question family beliefs and values.

• Peer groups play a significant role in shaping behavior and identity.
  Adolescents seek independence from parents, which often leads to conflicts as they assert their individuality.

• Identity vs. Role Confusion:

• Erikson's stage focusing on self-discovery.
  Adolescents explore different roles and beliefs to form a cohesive sense of self.

• Anorexia Nervosa:

• Intense fear of weight gain.

• Bulimia Nervosa:

• Bingeing followed by purging.

• Intimacy vs. Isolation:

• Erikson's stage focused on forming intimate relationships. Physical abilities peak in early adulthood and gradually decline with age.

• Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation:

• Contributing to society and guiding the next generation.Onset of primary aging (biological) and secondary aging (influenced by lifestyle).

• Menopause:

• The permanent end of menstruation. Common changes in middle and late adulthood include reduced flexibility, slower reaction times, and decreased bone density.

Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair.

Reflecting on life and accomplishments.

• Common health concerns:

• osteoporosis (fragile bones), heart disease (leading cause of death).

• Selective Optimization:

• Focusing on skills to compensate for aging losses.

• Fluid Intelligence:

• Problem-solving skills and adaptability, tends to decline with age.

• Crystallized Intelligence:

• Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, often remains stable or improves with age.Memory and processing speed may decline in later adulthood, but wisdom and knowledge typically remain stable.

• Selective Optimization with Compensation:

• A strategy where older adults focus on maintaining strengths and compensating for declines to adapt to aging changes.

• Primary Aging:

• Natural, biological aging process.

• Secondary Aging:

• Influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors.

• Cognitive Decline:

• Dementia and memory-related issues.

• Psychosocial Aspects:

• Role of hospice care (end-of-life care) emotional support.

• Grief.

• Emotional response to significant loss.

• Euthanasia:

• Assisting terminally ill patients to end life swiftly

Nature vs. Nurture:

the debate over hereditary versus environmental factors in development

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:

Eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan, focusing on core conflicts that shape personality.

• Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1):

• Trust based on caregivers' reliability.

• Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3):

• Independence fosters confidence.

• Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6):

• Encouragement leads to confidence.

• Industry vs. Inferiority (7-11):

• Success builds self-confidence.

• Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18):

• Exploration forms personal identity.

intimacy vs. Isolation (19-29):

• Establishing deep relationships.

• Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-64):

• Contribution to society.

• Integrity vs. Despair (65+):

• Reflecting on life's meaning.

• Id:

• Instinct-driven, pleasure-seeking (dominates in infancy).

• Ego:

• Balances demands of id and superego, considers reality.

• Superego:

• Incorporates societal values and moral sense.

Oral (0-2 years):

Focus on mouth; fixation may lead to dependency or aggression.

Anal (18 months-3 years):

Focus on control; fixation can lead to orderliness or messiness.

• Phallic (3-6 years):

• Focus on opposite-sex parent; leads to gender identity.

• Latency (6-puberty):

• Dormant sexual feelings, focus on social development.

Genital (puberty onwards)

• Maturity, focus on relationships.

• Parenting Styles and their Outcomes:

• Authoritative parenting is associated with social competence in children.

• Piaget's Cognitive Theory Stages:

• Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational

• Kohlberg's Moral Development

• Preconventional Morality

Conventional Morality

Postconventional Morality