LBJ (copy)

Baker v. Carr

reapportionment

“one person, one vote”

Barry Goldwater

Republican candidate that ran against Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)

• Said government was too big

  • Would cut social security and abolish Tennessee Valley Authority

  • Should not do “social engineering”

• Said US morals in decline

• Hardline anti-communist

Bay of Pigs

Counter Revolution in Cuba

• Operation Mongoose 1961

  • Cuban exiles/CIA plans invasion

  • GOAL: overthrow Castro

  • PLAN: Land at Bay of Pigs Lead

• Plans go wrong

  • JFK refuses airpower

  • exile forces killed or captured

• RESULT: Humiliation

Berlin Wall

Wall built by East Germany to isolate West Berlin. It worked. East Germany’s problems were solved.

Brinkmanship

Pushing a country to the edge during war until they can’t fight anymore/surrender. “To the brink of war.”

Castro

In the 1960s, Fidel Castro transformed Cuba into a communist state, nationalizing industries and aligning closely with the Soviet Union. His involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 significantly heightened Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the USSR.

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Castro wants defense from US aggression

  • USSR send weapons over summer 1962

• 10/16/62: U-2 sees missle sites MRBM (Medium Range Ballistic Missle) October 1962

• JFK chooses blockade, not air strikes

• 10/22/62: JFK speech warns USSR:

  • Any missle attack = war vs. USSR

  • Ships position for quarantine

• 10/24/62: USSR ships turn around

Domino Theory

The belief that if one country fell to communism, nearby countries would follow suit, particularly in Southeast Asia.

Eisenhower's Warning about the Military-Industrial Complex

Eisenhower warned in 1961 that the growing influence of the military-industrial complex could lead to excessive spending and unnecessary conflict.

Election of 1960

Richard Nixon vs. John F. Kennedy

• Nixon

  • More experience

  • Ike’s popularity

  • Face for radio

  • Anti-commie

  • Middle class

• JFK

  • Inexperienced

  • Charismatic

  • Youthful

  • Anti-commie

  • Very wealthy

Flexible Response

Defense spending up - 3 areas:

• Strengthens “conventional spending” forces

• created Special Forces (Green Berets)

• Triples nuclear capabilities

JFK - wants both

Gideon v. Wainwright

6th Amendment

right to an attorney

Great Society

• $1 billion in anti-poverty programs

  • Head start for underprivileged pre-schools

  • Small business loans

  • Medicare - for elderly

  • Medicaid - for welfare recipients (poor)

• Civil Rights Act 1964

• Department of Housing and Urban Development

• Voting Rights Act 1965

Hubert Humphrey

Vice President under LBJ and a key advocate for civil rights and social welfare reforms.

JFK Foreign Policy

Focused on containment from communism, confronting the USSR, and promoting democracy, including the Peace Corps and the Alliance for Progress.

Khrushchev

In the 1960s, Khrushchev led the Soviet Union, pursuing de-Stalinization and advocating for peaceful coexistence with the West. His tenure was marked by the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, which heightened Cold War tensions, and ended with his removal from power in 1964 due to internal party dissatisfaction.

LBJ (Lyndon B. Johnson)

• 4th generation Texan. Skilled legislator.

• Promises to continue JFK’s programs

• 1964 LBJ “We will build a Great Society”

  • Eliminate racial injustice

    • Civil Rights Act

  • Eliminate poverty

• Landslide victory in the election of 1964

52 (BG) 486 (LBJ)

Medicaid

Part of LBJ’s “Great Society” program. Money for welfare recipients (poor people)

Medicare

Part of LBJ’s “Great Society” program. Money for elderly people

Miranda v. Arizona

5th Amendment

Right to remain silent

Mapp v. Ohio

The “exclusionary rule”

4th Amendment

No illegal searches

Peace Corps

Created under JFK's "New Frontier," sent American volunteers to developing countries to assist with projects in education, health, and agriculture. Its goal was to promote peace, mutual understanding, and provide technical help to strengthen global relationships.

Richard Nixon

Republican candidate in the election of 1960.

• Lots of experience

• Had popularity from Eisenhower

• Was a face for radio

• Anti-communist

• Middle class

  • Televised debates

    • Radio listeners “Nixon won”

    • TV watchers “Kennedy won”

• Nixon saved his career in 1952 with TV

S.E.A.T.O.

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) was a defense alliance formed in 1954 to counter the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. It included the U.S., U.K., France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines but was dissolved in 1977 due to limited effectiveness.

Analysis of the Great Society and Rulings of the Warren Court

The Great Society expanded federal programs to fight poverty, promote racial equality, and improve social welfare through legislation. The Warren Court issued landmark rulings that advanced civil liberties, such as desegregating schools and ensuring the right to counsel, complementing the social reforms of the Great Society.

JFK's Handling of Cold War Crises

JFK handled crisis’s like the Cuban Missile Crisis. Soviets flinch first.

• USA promises not to invade Cuba

• USSR dismantles missle sites in Cuba

• Secret… USA removes missles from Turkey

Ralph Nader

“Make cars safer”

• Consumer advocate

• Wrote book called “Unsafe at any speed.”

Rachel Carson

Environmentalist

• Wrote book called “Silent Spring”

• Started the environmentalist movement

• Birds were killed using DDT

Civil Liberties Revolution

Right of suspected criminals “the accused.”

Space Race

Russia was first to space.

Yuri. A. Gagarin - First person in space. (April 1961)