Plant Physiology Module 2

genome organization and gene expression

what can be used to identify indiv chromosomes

Chromosomal landmarks, including centromeres, telomeres, and nucleolar organizer regions (NORs)

how many plant genomes and species have been published to date

Fifty-five plant genomes representing 49 different species have been published to date

transposons and % of genome

are mobile sequences in the genome

excised DNA and put in new locations

can lead to mutations

~45% of genome

epigenetics example

affects plant growth and development—Loss of methylation can lead to mutations as unmethylated transposons become active

Chromosome arrangements in the interphase nucleus

meiosis

polyploidy (def and another name)

contain multiple copies of the entire genome—Autopolyploidy

want more heterozygosity to dec disease chances (carriers)

Gene expression in plants

Regulation of transcription by distal regulatory promotor sequences, enhancers, and trans-acting factors

gene expression in euk

regulation of transcription by distal regulatory promoter seq, enhancers, and trans-acting factors

can be encoded by a diff chrm or same one that acts on

regulated at multiple levels: genome, transcription, RNA processing and translocation, translational, posttranslational

additional of a methyl group to C5 cytosine is assoc w?

transcriptional inactivity

histone modifications: which inc gene transcription

histone code can regulate gene expression (methylation/acetylation or not)

acetyl groups activate transcription

RNAi pathway in plants: micro-RNAs tell us what

short interfering RNAs, antiviral defenses, know gene expression levels by workflow for RNA seq analysis (genome scaffold)

cytoplasmic pathway of protein degradation

example of signal transduction

ubiquitination

signaling via bac two component systems

sensor protein—>response regulator—>output sig

phosphorylation signaling mech of bac two component systems

phosphorylation changes conformation of response regulator

MAPK cascade

growth factor

important to tumor genesis