Medterm Unit 2 Test

angi/o ; vas/o

vessel (ch.5 - combining forms)

aort/o

aorta (ch.5 - combining forms)

arteri/o

artery (ch.5 - combining forms)

arteriol/o

arteriole (ch.5 - combining forms)

ather/o

fatty substance (ch.5 - combining forms)

atri/o

atrium (ch.5 - combining forms)

cardi/o ; coron/o

heart (ch.5 - combining forms)

embol/o

plug (ch.5 - combining forms)

fibrin/o

fibers (ch.5 - combining forms)

isch/o

to hold back (ch.5 - combining forms)

myocardi/o

heart muscle (ch.5 - combining forms)

phleb/o ; ven/o

vein (ch.5 - combining forms)

sept/o

wall (ch.5 - combining forms)

son/o

sound (ch.5 - combining forms)

sphygm/o

pulse (ch.5 - combining forms)

steth/o ; pector/o

chest (ch.5 - combining forms)

thromb/o

clot (ch.5 - combining forms)

valv/o ; valvul/o

valve (ch.5 - combining forms)

varic/o

dilated vein (ch.5 - combining forms)

vascul/o

blood vessel (ch.5 - combining forms)

ventricul/o

ventricle (ch.5 - combining forms)

venul/o

venule (ch.5 - combining forms)

peripher/o

away from center (ch.5 - combining forms)

-cardia

heart condition (ch.5 - suffixes)

-manometer

instrument to measure pressure (ch.5 - suffixes)

-ole ; -ule

small (ch.5 - suffixes)

-pressor

to press down (ch.5 - suffixes)

-spasm

involuntary muscle contraction (ch.5 - suffixes)

-tension

pressure (ch.5 - suffixes)

-tonic

pertaining to tone (ch.5 - suffixes)

lungs, liver, kidneys

places where blood takes waste products from cells (ch.5 - A&P of cardiovascular system)

The heart

averages 60-100bpm, or about 100,000 beats per day

located in mediastinum, about the size of a fist

Heart layers

Endocardium

-inner lining of heart chambers

-smooth, thin layer; reduces friction

Myocardium

-thick muscle that contracts to develop pressure required to pump blood thru blood vessels

Epicardium

-forms visceral layer of pericardial sac

-fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats

diastole

chambers’ relaxation phase (ch.5 - blood flow thru heart)

systole

chambers’ contraction phase (ch.5 - blood flow thru heart)

Conduction system of heart (overall)

under control of autonomic nervous system

special tissue w/in heart conducts electrical impulses

-this tissue stimulates chambers to contract in the correct order

(ch.5 - conduction system of heart)

Conduction system of heart (step 1)

sinoatrial (SA) node begins electrical impulse → wave of electricity moves from SA node thru atria → atria contracts

(ch.5 - conduction system of heart)

Conduction system of heart (step 2)

atrioventricular (AV) node is stimulated (ch.5 - conduction system of heart)

Conduction system of heart (step 3)

AV node transfers stimulation to the atrioventricular (AV) bundle (ch.5 - conduction system of heart)

Conduction system of heart (step 4)

the electrical wave travels from the AV bundle down the bundle branches (ch.5 - conduction system of heart)

Conduction system of heart (step 5)

Purkinje fibers in ventricular myocardium are stimulated → ventricles contract (ch.5 - conduction system of heart)

EKG

electrocardiogram wave record

-P wave: corresponds to contraction of the atria

-QRS complex: correlates to ventricles contracting

-T wave: represents preparation for next series of complexes

arteries, capillaries, veins

3 types of blood vessels (ch.5 - blood vessels)

lumen

channel w/in blood vessels (ch.5 - blood vessels)

comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, veins

all 3 have lumen and endothelium

capillaries don’t have external elastic membrane, smooth muscle, internal elastic membrane

veins are the only vessels w/ valves

(ch.5 - blood vessels)

arteries

thick-walled and can contract or relax

coronary arteries go to myocardium (right, left, and left anterior descending branch)

become smaller arterioles as they branch

(ch.5 - blood vessels)

capillaries

network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels

place of diffusion

-oxygen and nutrients diffuse out, CO2 and waste diffuse in

(ch.5 - blood vessels)

veins

thin walled, valvular vessels w/ low pressure

begin as venules that gradually merge and become larger

(ch.5 - blood vessels)

blood pressure

measures force exerted by blood against vessel walls

-during systole: highest reading (under a lot of pressure)

-during diastole: lowest reading (under little pressure)

• 120(systolic) / 80(diastolic)

may be affected by characteristics of blood and blood vessels

-elasticity of arteries

-diameter of blood vessels

-viscosity of blood

-amount of resistance to blood flow

(ch.5 - pulse and blood pressure)

pulse (p)

the surge of blood caused by the heart contraction

-commonly measured at throat or wrist

-in general, pulse rate is equal to heart rate

(ch.5 - blood vessels)

aneurysm

weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries (ch.5 - blood vessels)

arteriorrhexis

a ruptured artery (ch.5 - blood vessels)

arteriosclerosis

hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls; often due to atherosclerosis (ch.5 - blood vessels)

atheroma

deposit of fatty substance in wall of artery, bulges into and narrows artery; also called a plaque (ch.5 - blood vessels)

atherosclerosis

most common form of arteriosclerosis; lipid plaques form in arterial wall (ch.5 - blood vessels)

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

severe congenital narrowing of aorta (ch.5 - blood vessels)

hemorrhoids

varicose veins in rectal and anal region (ch.5 - blood vessels)

hypertension (HTN)

high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease (ch.5 - blood vessels)

hypotension

decrease in blood pressure; may be due to shock or anemia (ch.5 - blood vessels)

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth (ch.5 - blood vessels)

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

abnormal condition affecting any blood vessel outside heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, and blocked circulation (ch.5 - blood vessels)

Raynaud’s phenomenon

periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities; especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure (ch.5 - blood vessels)

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots w/in a vein (ch.5 - blood vessels)

varicose veins

swollen and distended veins; often in the legs (ch.5 - blood vessels)

cardiovascular technologist/technician

healthcare professional trained to perform a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise stress tests (ch.5 - medical specialties)

infarct

area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply (ch.5 - signs and symptoms)

ischemia

local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction (ch.5 - signs and symptoms)

murmur

a sound in addition to normal heart sounds; may or may not indicate an abnormality

orthostatic hypotension

sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up suddenly (ch.5 - signs and symptoms)

palpitations

pounding, racing heartbeats (ch.5 - signs and symptoms)

plaque

yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis (ch.5 - signs and symptoms)

regurgitation

to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve (ch.5 - signs and symptoms)

thrombus

blood clot w/in a blood vessel, may partially or completely occlude blood vessel; or a hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and tissue debris that is the result of the blood-clotting process (ch.5,6 - signs and symptoms)

angina pectoris

severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia (ch.5 - heart conditions)

cardiac arrest

complete stopping of heart activity (ch.5 - heart conditions)

cardiomegaly

an abnormally enlarged heart (ch.5 - heart conditions)

cardiomyopathy

myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, or alcohol abuse, common reason for heart transplant (ch.5 - heart conditions)

congenital septal defect (CSD)

hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (ch.5 - heart conditions)

congestive heart failure (CHF)

left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema (ch.5 - heart conditions)

coronary artery disease (CAD)

poor blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause angina pectoris and heart attack (ch.5 - heart conditions)

endocarditis

inflammation of membranes lining the heart; if cause is bacterial, a bacterial colony called vegetation may form (ch.5 - heart conditions)

heart valve prolapse

cusps too loose and fail to shut tightly; allows regurgitation (ch.5 - heart conditions)

heart valve stenosis

cusps too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allows regurgitation (ch.5 - heart conditions)

myocardial infarction (MI)

occlusion of coronary artery; results in a myocardial infarct; a heart attack (ch.5 - heart conditions)

tetralogy of Fallot

combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery (ch.5 - heart conditions)

arrhythmia

irregularity in heart beat or action (ch.5 - arrhythmias)

bundle branch block (BBB)

electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down the bundle of HIS or bundle branches (ch.5 - arrhythmias)

fibrillation

serious arrhythmia characterized by abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers; may result in cardiac arrest (ch.5 - arrhythmias)

flutter

atria beat too rapidly but maintain a regular pattern (ch.5 - arrhythmias)

auscultation

listening to sounds w/in body using a stethoscope (ch.5 - medical procedures)

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure (ch.5 - medical procedures)

stethoscope

instrument for listening to body sounds (ch.5 - medical procedures)

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air for a person in cardiac arrest; uses chest compressions and artificial respiration (ch.5 - medical procedures)

defibrillation

procedure that converts irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using an electric shock (ch.5 - medical procedures)

extracorporeal circulation (ECC)

routing blood to a heart-lung machine during a surgical procedure (ch.5 - medical procedures)

implantable cardioverterdefibrillator (ICD)

device implanted into the heart to deliver an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm; especially helpful for ventricular fibrillation (ch.5 - medical procedures)

pacemaker implantation

device implanted into the heart to substitute for the natural pacemaker (ch.5 - medical procedures)

sclerotherapy

injection of salt solution to treat varicose veins (ch.5 - medical procedures)

thrombolytic therapy

use of drugs, such as streptokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator, to dissolve clots and restore blood flow (ch.5 - medical procedures)