ap bio vocab compilation

cohesion

water’s attraction to water

adhesion

water’s attraction to other polar/charged molecules

surface tension

result of interactions with water, involving its cohesiveness and adhesiveness

metabolism

sum of an organism’s chemical reactions

anabolic (reactions)

bond forming

catabolic

bond breaking

____ forces are usually stronger than ____ forces. (word bank: cohesive, adhesive)

adhesive, cohesive

capillary action

when liquid flows through narrow spaces without external forces like gravity

organic molecules

any molecule with carbon

what are the most commonly found elements of nature?

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

water is a ____ solvent

universal

what macromolecules is carbon present in?

all macromolecules

what macromolecules is hydrogen present in?

all macromolecules

what macromolecules is oxygen present in?

all macromolecules

what macromolecules is nitrogen present in?

proteins and nucleic acids

what macromolecules is phosphorus present in

proteins, nucleic acids, and some lipids

what macromolecules is sulfur present in?

some proteins

a peptide bond forms between the ____ group of one amino acid monomer and the ___ group of another.

carboxyl, amino

polypeptide chain

series of peptide bonds

primary structure (proteins)

amino acid chain from nitrogen terminal to carbon terminal, working to determine ultimate protein shape

secondary structure (proteins)

formed through local folding from backbone hydrogen bonding

tertiary structure

specific 3d shape formed when A helices and B sheets fold inward due to r-group bonding interactions

denature

disruption of natural structure, occurring when hydrogen bonds are broken; can affect protein function

cellular membranes deal with…

transport, recognition, movement, and communication

facilitated diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration with a transport protein

active transport

atp-driven process; membrane proteins transport molecules across cells, low to high concentration

passive transport

not an atp driven process; movement from high to low concentration

what carbohydrates are energy sources?

lactose, sucrose, starch (short term storage), glycogen (long term storage)

what carbohydrates are structural material?

cellulose and chitin

nucleic acids have a linear sequence with directionality, designated as 5’ on the ___ side of the sugar and 3’ on the ___ side

phosphate, hydroxyl

what are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases?

thymine, uracil, and cytosine

what are the purine nitrogenous bases?

adenine and guanine

what are membrane proteins?

proteins assisting with structural support and cellular movement by giving the cytoskeleton anchorage

what are proteins?

macromolecule composed of polypeptide chains

what are carbohydrates?

polysaccharides formed from monosaccharide monomers joined via glycosidic linkage

what are lipids?

group of hydrophobic molecules

what makes lipids nonpolar?

hydrocarbon chains

phospholipids are…

two hydrophobic tails with hydrophilic glycerol head, modified phosphate group, and choline group

why do phospholipids make up cellular membranes?

because their intra/extracellular environments are aqueous

biotic

having to do with organisms

abiotic

not having to do with organisms

predation

competition for limited resources

Adaptation across phenotypes allows for a better chance at…

survival and reproduction

evolution by natural selection

when living things adapt to environmental factors by undergoing phenotype changes that favor their survival

artificial selection

when humans choose to cultivate a certain trait in plants or animals

directional selection

when one end of the spectrum of phenotypes is favored over others

stabilizing selection

when a phenotype in the middle of the spectrum of phenotypes is favored over others

disruptive selection

when two extremes on a spectrum of phenotypes are favored over others, often leading to disruption of an ecosystem

sexual selection

when specific characteristics make certain organisms appear more attractive than others

convergent evolution

when living things adapt because of environmental pressures

niche

place and role of a group of living things in their ecosystem

population

group of species living in the same area

differential survival

when certain species have a better chance at survival because of different characteristics

mutations

random genetic changes

gene flow

introduction of new alleles as they emigrate or immigrate

genetic drift

non-selective process resulting in reduced genetic diversity amongst populations

speciation

when a new species comes from an old species

adaptive radiation

when an ancestor of a species evolves into many new respective forms with their own niches

bottleneck effect of genetic drift

a big sudden cut is made to a population’s size, resulting in a small population with a random selection of genes

founder effect of genetic drift

when a small population moves or isolates and creates a new population with distinct genes

hardy-weinburg equations

p + q = 1, p² + 2pq + q² = 1

in the hardy-weinburg equation, p represents the

frequency of the dominant allele

in the hardy-weinburg equation, p² represents the

dominant homozygous allele frequency

in the hardy-weinburg equation, q represents the

recessive allele frequency

in the hardy-weinburg equation, q² represents the

recessive homozygous allele frequency

in the hardy-weinburg equation, 2pq represents the

heterozygous allele frequency

homologous structure

structure given by a common ancestor

analogous structure

common structures not obtained by a common ancestor

vestigial structures

structures that aren’t always of uses to organisms, but are inherited as a result of residual DNA from ancestors

pathogens

any bacteria, virus, or microorganism that can cause disease

phylogeny

study of the history of evolution amongst a group of organisms

species

a group able to interbreed and exchange genetic information for reproduction

speciation

reproductive isolation of two populations

prezygotic

before fertilization

postzygotic

after fertilization

enzymes

made of proteins; biological catalysts that lower activation energy

activation energy

initial energy needed for a chemical reaction

substrate

substance on which an enzyme acts

active site

where products are released from an enzyme after the catalysis of a reaction

what environmental characteristics increase reaction rate?

substrate concentration and temperature

denature

to alter the natural quality

what does extremely high temperature do to proteins?

it causes them to denature

enzyme inhibitors

poisons, pesticides, and antibiotics

what makes an enzyme inhibitor competitive?

when it binds to the active site of an enzyme

what makes an enzyme inhibitor noncompetitive?

when it doesn’t bind to the active site

allosteric regulation

when a regulatory molecule binds at one site but affects function at another

entropy

measure of disorder and randomness in a system

exergonic reactions

when energy exits a system and the reactants have a higher energy level than the products

endergonic reactions

when energy enters a system and the products have a higher energy level than the reactants

what are examples of exergonic reactions?

atp hydrolysis and cellular respiration

what are examples of endergonic reactions?

photosynthesis and atp formation

chemiosmosis

a process where ions move down their gradient as atp is synthesized

chloroplast

plant organelle with a double membrane, thylakoid stacks, and a fluid stroma

photosystems

big protein complexes with pigment molecules like chlorophyll

phase 1 of photosynthesis is…

light reaction

phase 2 of photosynthesis is…

the calvin cycle

step 1 of light reaction phase is that when light strikes chlorophyll, it…

splits water into H+, excites electrons, and releases oxygen

step 2 of light reaction phase is that excited electrons…

enter the electron transport chain at photosystem 2 and are shuttled within the membrane through additional proteins to photosystem 1, losing energy along the way

step 3 of light reaction phase is that an electrochemical gradient is formed as…

protons are actively pumped across the membrane into the thylakoid space

step 4 of the light reaction phase is that H+…

flow back down their concentration gradient into the stroma through ATP synthase