epi health indicators

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what measures are used to improve public health?

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Health

46 Terms

1

what measures are used to improve public health?

monitoring and evaluating of social, economic, and environmental conditions.

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2

what measures are studied in public health?

morbidity, mortality, disability, and nutrition.

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3

what measures are studied in public health?

social/mental health, health systems, and health determinants.

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4

what causes changes in global life exepectancy?

lowering the mortality rate through advancements in public health.

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5

what factors modify the growth of a population?

birth rate, mortality rate, fertility rate, immigration/emmigration

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6

what factors modify the growth of a population?

unhealthy living conditions, disease (tuberculosis, malaria),

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7

how are health indicators expressed?

they are expressed as rates.

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8

what are health indicators?

part of descriptive epidemiology, they identify the health status of populations. they are designed to monitor health status and service performance.

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9

what are health indicators?

marker of health status (physical/mental, disability, wellbeing), service provision, or resource availability.

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10

what is an example of a health indicator?

health and well-being

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11

what is an example of a health indicator?

health resources (family planning and satisfaction with quality of resources)

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12

what is an example of a health indicator?

safety

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13

what is an example of a health indicator?

factors associated with poor reproductive health (abuse, exploitation, disease, death)

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14

why are health indicators important?

they help epidemiologists understand the problem/disease and create ways to intervene/improve the situation.

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15

why do summary statistics of health indicators tend to be reliable?

health indicators tend to involve data required by law (death certificates, hospital info, notifiable disease)

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16

what is life expectancy?

the number of years an individual is likely to live.

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17

what is the formula for birth rate?

[total live births : total population in given area over specific time period]

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18

what affects the birth rate?

abortion rates, poverty, economic crisis

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19

what affects birth rate?

war, religious belief, safety, urbanization

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20

what is mortality?

the epidemiologic and vital statistics term for death

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21

what generally causes death?

degeneration of vital organs and related conditions.

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22

what generally causes death?

disease states

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23

what generally causes death?

society or environment (suicide, homicide, accidents)

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24

what is a maternal mortality rate?

the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to pregnancy (not accidental/incidental)

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25

what are some factors that contribute to declining birth rates in poorly resourced countries?

there is a high perinatal and maternal mortality rate, which reduces the overall birth rates.

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26

What are some factors that influence birth rates in developed countries?

lifestyle choices that often have to do with their economic status. access to education is also a major attribute for women.

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27

In the United States, how do fertility rates differ between native-born individuals and immigrants?

native born people are below replacement, and immigrant families are above replacement.

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28

In the United States, how do fertility rates differ between native-born individuals and immigrants?

fertility rates of immigrants decrease sharply in the second generation as a result of improving education and income.

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29

Why do developed countries tend to have lower fertility rates?

much easier to access birth control; due to the academic benefit associated with affluence, higher education and professional careers often lead to women bearing children later in life.

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30

What are some potential solutions to address the declining birth rate?

promoting natural conception with clinics and early advice, preventing infertility through education and schools.

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31

What are some potential solutions to address the declining birth rate?

educating children in childcare centers and nurseries, as well as easing economic uncertainty, or providing affordable housing.

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32

what is ICD?

the international classification of diseases is the standard diagnostic classification for mortality statistics.

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33

what is ICD?

designed to promote consistency among countries when classifying/processing mortality statistics, including a format for reporting causes of death on the certificate.

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34

the causes of death entered on the death certificate are ___________, ___________, _____________ that resulted in or contributed to the death, and also circumstances of any ______________ or _______________.

disease, injuries, and morbid conditions … circumstances of accidents, violent acts that produced death are recorded.

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35

a single cause of death is also known as ______________.

underlying

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36

the other reported causes are called the_____________________________________.

non-underlying

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37

_________________ is entered first in the death certificate.

the main cause of death (immediate)

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38

any disease or injury that initiated the set of events leading to the death is known as ___________________________.

underlying

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39

why is maternal mortality rate an important health indicator?

maternal mortality is seen as a tremendous loss to society due to the disruption of family members, destruction of families, and affecting of children.

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40

why is maternal mortality rate an important health indicator?

serves as a reflection of current health programs for pregnant women, the quality of prenatal care, and the quality of health conditions.

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41

what factors reduce maternal/infant mortality?

sufficient intake of calories/nutrients for pregnant women, abstinence from drugs and chemicals, and universal immunization

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42

neonatal mortality rate

birth to 27 days / number of live births in same time period

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43

postneonatal mortality rate

28 to 364 days of life / number of live births in same year

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44

perinatal mortality rate

28 or more weeks GESTATION + newborns within 7 days of age / live births + stillbirths in the same geographic area

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45

fetal death rate

AFTER 20 weeks gestation / still births + live births

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46

perinatal mortality rate

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