epi health indicators

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what measures are used to improve public health?

monitoring and evaluating of social, economic, and environmental conditions.

what measures are studied in public health?

morbidity, mortality, disability, and nutrition.

what measures are studied in public health?

social/mental health, health systems, and health determinants.

what causes changes in global life exepectancy?

lowering the mortality rate through advancements in public health.

what factors modify the growth of a population?

birth rate, mortality rate, fertility rate, immigration/emmigration

what factors modify the growth of a population?

unhealthy living conditions, disease (tuberculosis, malaria),

how are health indicators expressed?

they are expressed as rates.

what are health indicators?

part of descriptive epidemiology, they identify the health status of populations. they are designed to monitor health status and service performance.

what are health indicators?

marker of health status (physical/mental, disability, wellbeing), service provision, or resource availability.

what is an example of a health indicator?

health and well-being

what is an example of a health indicator?

health resources (family planning and satisfaction with quality of resources)

what is an example of a health indicator?

safety

what is an example of a health indicator?

factors associated with poor reproductive health (abuse, exploitation, disease, death)

why are health indicators important?

they help epidemiologists understand the problem/disease and create ways to intervene/improve the situation.

why do summary statistics of health indicators tend to be reliable?

health indicators tend to involve data required by law (death certificates, hospital info, notifiable disease)

what is life expectancy?

the number of years an individual is likely to live.

what is the formula for birth rate?

[total live births : total population in given area over specific time period]

what affects the birth rate?

abortion rates, poverty, economic crisis

what affects birth rate?

war, religious belief, safety, urbanization

what is mortality?

the epidemiologic and vital statistics term for death

what generally causes death?

degeneration of vital organs and related conditions.

what generally causes death?

disease states

what generally causes death?

society or environment (suicide, homicide, accidents)

what is a maternal mortality rate?

the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to pregnancy (not accidental/incidental)

what are some factors that contribute to declining birth rates in poorly resourced countries?

there is a high perinatal and maternal mortality rate, which reduces the overall birth rates.

What are some factors that influence birth rates in developed countries?

lifestyle choices that often have to do with their economic status. access to education is also a major attribute for women.

In the United States, how do fertility rates differ between native-born individuals and immigrants?

native born people are below replacement, and immigrant families are above replacement.

In the United States, how do fertility rates differ between native-born individuals and immigrants?

fertility rates of immigrants decrease sharply in the second generation as a result of improving education and income.

Why do developed countries tend to have lower fertility rates?

much easier to access birth control; due to the academic benefit associated with affluence, higher education and professional careers often lead to women bearing children later in life.

What are some potential solutions to address the declining birth rate?

promoting natural conception with clinics and early advice, preventing infertility through education and schools.

What are some potential solutions to address the declining birth rate?

educating children in childcare centers and nurseries, as well as easing economic uncertainty, or providing affordable housing.

what is ICD?

the international classification of diseases is the standard diagnostic classification for mortality statistics.

what is ICD?

designed to promote consistency among countries when classifying/processing mortality statistics, including a format for reporting causes of death on the certificate.

the causes of death entered on the death certificate are ___________, ___________, _____________ that resulted in or contributed to the death, and also circumstances of any ______________ or _______________.

disease, injuries, and morbid conditions … circumstances of accidents, violent acts that produced death are recorded.

a single cause of death is also known as ______________.

underlying

the other reported causes are called the_____________________________________.

non-underlying

_________________ is entered first in the death certificate.

the main cause of death (immediate)

any disease or injury that initiated the set of events leading to the death is known as ___________________________.

underlying

why is maternal mortality rate an important health indicator?

maternal mortality is seen as a tremendous loss to society due to the disruption of family members, destruction of families, and affecting of children.

why is maternal mortality rate an important health indicator?

serves as a reflection of current health programs for pregnant women, the quality of prenatal care, and the quality of health conditions.

what factors reduce maternal/infant mortality?

sufficient intake of calories/nutrients for pregnant women, abstinence from drugs and chemicals, and universal immunization

neonatal mortality rate

birth to 27 days / number of live births in same time period

postneonatal mortality rate

28 to 364 days of life / number of live births in same year

perinatal mortality rate

28 or more weeks GESTATION + newborns within 7 days of age / live births + stillbirths in the same geographic area

fetal death rate

AFTER 20 weeks gestation / still births + live births

perinatal mortality rate