Chapter 18: The Circulatory System: Blood

transport (blood fn)

O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells

protection (blood fn)

inflammation, limit spread of infection, destroy microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralize toxins, and initiate clotting

regulation (blood fn)

fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, and temperature control

hematology

the study of blood

4-6 liters

Roughly how much blood do adults have?

blood

a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix

plasma

liquid/matrix of blood

• clear, light yellow fluid

formed elements

blood cells and cell fragments

• RBCs, WBCs, and platlets

erythrocytes

heaviest and settle first in centrifuge

• 37-52% total volume

buffy coat

White blood cells and platelets

• <1% of blood volume

plasma

47-63% of blood volume

platelets

cell fragments from megakaryocyte in bone marrow

granulocytes (3)

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

agranulocytes (2)

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

serum

remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed

albumins (plasma protein)

smallest and most abundant

• contribute to viscosity and osmolarity

• first to appear if damage to membrane

• responsible for colloid osmotic pressure

globulins (plasma protein)

• provide immune system functions

• alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

fibrinogen (plasma protein)

precursor of fibrin threads (blood clot)

liver

forms plasma proteins (except immunoglobulins)

nitrogenous compounds

• free amino acids from dietary protein or tissue breakdown

nitrogenous wastes

• toxic end products of catabolism

• normally removed by the kidneys

electrolytes

Na⁺ makes up 90% of plasma cations

viscosity

resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles

heart does more work

higher viscosity

4.5 to 5.5 times

how much more viscous is whole blood than water

2.0 times

how much more viscous is plasma than water

osmolarity of blood

the total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

osmolarity of blood too high

blood absorbs too much water, increasing the blood pressure

osmolarity of blood too low

water stays in tissue, blood pressure drops, edema occurs

hypoproteinemia

deficiency of plasma proteins

• extreme starvation

• liver or kidney disease

• severe burns (fluid loss, lose plasma)

Kwashiorkor

children with severe protein deficiency

• thin arms and legs

• swollen abdomen