GCSE Classical Civilisations - Myth & Religion

Roman name for Zeus

Jupiter

Roman name for Poseidon

Neptune

Roman name for Hades

Pluto

Roman name for Hera

Juno

Roman name for Athena

Minerva

Roman name for Demeter

Ceres

Roman name for Hestia

Vesta

Roman name for Hephaistos

Vulcan

Roman name for Aphrodite

Venus

Artemis

Diana

Roman name for Apollo

Apollo

Roman name for Hermes

Mercury

Roman name for Ares

Mars

Roman name for Dionysus

Bacchus

How is dionysus usually depicted?

with a thyrsus, wines and an animal skin, also with maenads and satyrs

how is ares usually depicted?

depicted wearing his armour

how is hermes usually depicted?

depicted with a travellers cap, caduceus, and winged sandals

how is apollo depicted?

depicted with his bow and arrow, lyre, and in eternal youth

how is artemis depicted?

depicted with a bow and arrow, and with a wild animal

how is aphrodite depicted?

depicted rising from a sea shell, naked, with dolphins

how is hephaistos depicted?

depicted with a hammer or an anvil

how is hestia depicted?

rarely depicted, veiled head

how is demeter depicted?

depicted wearing a diadem, holding a bundle of wheat, grain or flowers, with a cornucopia

how is athena depicted?

depicted with an owl, helmet, spear, aegis (breastplate with gorgon on) and Nike

how is hera depicted?

depicted wearing a diadem

how is hades depicted?

depicted with a cornucopia, with persephone

how is poseidon depicted?

depicted with a trident as a bearded man

how is zeus depicted?

depicted as a bearded man holding a lightning bolt, holding an eagle, on a throne

who were hercules' parents?

Alcmene and Zeus

how did Zeus sleep with Alcmene?

he disguised himself as Amphitryon, Alcmene's husband, whilst he was gone on a campaign with Creon - king of thebes

what was Amphitryon's reaction to Zeus sleeping with Alcmene?

initially fuming - relieved after he found out it was Zeus.

what did Amphitryon do on his return?

slept with alcmene

how did Amphitryon find out about Zeus and Alcmene?

From a seer

What did Hera make zeus promise after he found out that Alcmene was pregnant with his child?

The first born of the house of Perseus would rule.

What did Hera do to try and prevent Hercules from ruling?

She asked her daughter to prolong Alcmene's labour, hoping that it would kill both Hercules and Alcmene. - Eurystheus became king of Mycenae, and Iphicles and Hercules had no official power

What did Alcmene do with Hercules after she suffered Hera's wrath?

she abandoned hercules in the woods

what did athena do when she found hercules, and where did she find him?

She found him in the woods, and she took him to Mount Olympus in hope that he would be accepted there, but Hera ordered that he be returned to Alcmene to raise him

Why did hercules have to do the 12 labours?

He was married to Creon's daughter - Megara, but then he was infected by Madness, and killed his wife and children in insanity. - he then visited the Oracle at Delphi - who advised him that he should serve King Eurystheus for 12 years

who controlled the Oracle at Delphi when Hercules went to him for advice?

Hera

Which metope is this?

the apples of hesperides

Which metope is this?

augean stables

what were Hercules' 12 labours ?

Nemean Lion, Learnean Hydra, Golden Hind, Erymanthian Boar, Augean Stables, Stymphalian Birds, Cretan Bull, Mares of Diomedes, Belt of Hippolyte, Cattle of Geryon, Apples of Hesperides, Cerberus

What did an oracle tell Oinomaos?

That he would die once his daughter was married

What did he do to try and prevent his death?

set up a chariot competition - he was a very skilled rider - challenged his daughter's suitors to a race. If they won, they would marry her, if they lost, they would be killed.

what did pelops do in order to marry hippodamia?

he challenged Oinomaos to a race, and bribed his charioteer to replace his bronze linchpins with wax so that they would melt in the race. Oinomaos died - got thrown from the chariot, due to the wax melting

What did Pelops do after he won the race?

he married hippodamia, and founded the olympic games in honour of Oinomaos ( as funerary games)

Where is Pelops and Hippodamia shown?

on the east pediment of Zeus' temple at Olympia

Where is Hercules' founding the Olympic games shown?

On the West Pediment of the Temple of Zeus

Where are the 12 labours of Hercules shown?

On the 12 metopes on the Temple of Zeus. - 6 over the front entrance, and 6 over the back.

What 3 things do you need for a successful metope?

Create a scene that could be easily recognised, Create realism, Fill the space so as to not leave big blank spaces.

Where did the Cult of Hercules in Rome stem from?

the story of Hercules and Cacus - took place by the Aventine hill, next to the tiber. Cacus terrorised the city of Pallentium, but then Hercules arrived.

During which labour did Hercules and Cacus take place?

The Cattle of Geryon

What did Cacus do to anger Hercules?

stole 8 of his cattle and took them back to his cave - backwards - hoof marks lead away from the entrance of the cave

What was Cacus' plan ruined by?

One of the trapped cattle mooing - heard by Hercules

What did Cacus do after Hercules heard the cow?

He fled to his cave, and blocked the entrance with a boulder - hercules couldn't move it

What did Hercules do after he couldn't move Cacus' boulder?

he lifted the flint peak off the top of the mountain, exposing Cacus and his lair

What did Hercules do after he exposed Cacus' lair?

He bombarded Cacus with trees, stones, and boulders

What did Cacus do in defence of Hercules' bombardment?

He breathed plumes of black smoke, to conceal his whereabouts

How did Hercules kill Cacus?

He threw himself into the densest part of the smoke, and strangled Cacus to death

What did Hercules do after he killed Cacus?

He brought the body out to show Evander and his people

What tradition did the Cult of Hercules follow and why?

The Greek tradition, as Evander was originally Greek.

What rituals did the Cult of Hercules follow?

the burning of incense, and the sacrificing of an animal (only men allowed)

Where did the Sacrifice for the cult of hercules take place?

At the Great Altar of Hercules - between the river Tiber and the Palatine Hill - Forum Boarium

Who was Hercules popular with?

The masses - cult responsibility was transferred to the slaves, which made up large parts of the population

Also popular with gladiators

When a gladiator was freed, what was he presented with?

a wooden sword, which was hung in the Temple of Hercules the Victor

Where was the Temple of Hercules the Victor constructed?

In the Forum Boarium

Which families were originally responsible for the worship in the cult of Hercules?

The Pinarii and the Potiti Families

Who was told the story of Hercules and Achelous? By who?

Theseus, by Achelous himself

Why were Hercules and Achelous fighting?

As they both wanted the hand of Deianira, the princes of Aitolia

What was Hercules' argument for marrying Deianira?

He had divine parentage, and he had completed the 12 labours

What was Achelous' response to Hercules' argument?

Achelous claimed that his status as a god was superior to Hercules' status as a man. He also said that the labours were his own fault and the story of his birth were either a lie or scandal

What did Hercules do in response to Achelous' counter argument?

He reverted to his fighting skill rather than his words

Who was victorious in the first battle between Hercules and Achelous?

Hercules

What did Achelous do to try and defeat Hercules?

He changed his form into a snake

How did Hercules respond to Achelous' new form?

He made fun of him, and reminded him that he had defeated the Hydra

Who won the second battle between Hercules and Achelous?

Hercules easily - Achelous was a snake

What form did Achelous take the second time he changed form?

He turned into a single horned bull

Who won the final battle between Hercules and Achelous?

Hercules - he broke Achelous' horn

What did Hercules do with Achelous' horn?

He turned it into a Cornucopia and filled it with fruit

What was Nessus?

a centaur

What did Nessus do?

He tried to run off with Deianira, whilst assisting her to cross the river

What did Hercules do in response to Nessus?

He shot him with a bow and arrow which had the poison of the Hydra on it

What was Nessus' final act?

He gave the tunic soaked in warm blood to Deianira as a gift

How did Hera make Deianira paranoid?

She enlisted the goddess Rumour to help her spread lies to Deianira about her husband. - made her think that Hercules was in love with Iole

What did Deianira do to try and make Hercules fall in love with her again?

She gave Hercules Nessus' cloak, to try and make him fall in love with her again.

Why did Hercules wear the cloak?

ignorant of what the cloak would do, a slave gave the cloak to Hercules to wear

What happened to Hercules whilst he was wearing the cloak?

Whilst giving sacrifice to the Gods, the heat from the altar caused the cloak to catch alight and stick to his skin

What did Hercules do whilst dying?

He built himself a funeral pyre, laid on it and died.

What caused Hercules to be allowed into Mount Olympus?

Zeus gave a speech asking the gods that Hercules should be allowed onto Olympus because of his heroic deeds. The Gods agreed (even hera)

what is the sanctuary?

an area of hold land dedicated to a god or gods that contained the temple and the altar

What would be inside the sanctuary?

the temples and altars of many gods, and a fresh water source at the entrance to allow people to wash themselves - to not pollute the holy site.

How did people become religiously polluted?

If they came into contact with a dead person, a new born or someone that had committed homicide

How did you get rid of religious pollution?

By washing yourself, or after a certain number of days it would go away

Who was allowed into the temple itself?

only the priests

What would be inside the temple?

the cult statue of the specific god, and outside there would be an altar

How would the temple and altar be oriented?

most common was east to west

What was the cella or naos?

The room which housed the cult statue

What is a colonnade?

an open air covered walkway supported by columns

what is a opisthodomos?

the rear room in the temple that contained the city or town's treasures (treasury)