African li exam #3

ALMOSTDONE YOU GOT THIS HO

(1) There were two major and highly related events that came to divide the twentieth-century history of Africa. And neither of them happened directly in Africa, as the second one was just fought only tangentially in tropical Africa. 

● These two events.

Great Depression and World War II

(3) There is a term that was used to refer to the last years of the colonial period, which started from World War II to the era of independence (also known as the post-war years). 

● The term that describes this period

Second Colonial Oppression

Experience encountered in one decade during the colonial era convinced most Europeans that economic progress in Africa or at home would require the state to take a more active role in economic planning. 

● The decade

1930s

After World War II, the British and the French began to establish new reforms, which were considered essential in the then climate, with the aim to basically secure certain kind of democracy. 

● The type of democracy they intended to secure

political and social

After World War II, the colonial governments became more dependent on Africa as a base for any development. They all thus placed their agenda on specific areas they planned to develop. 

● Examples of the areas they planned to develop

new transport, agriculture and irrigation, formation of co-operative societies, social welfare, education

Define the term “Pan-Africanism.”

● Definition

multi-faced movement for transnational solid among african ppl with the purpose of liberating & unifying Africa & its descent

Briefly explain the origin of Pan-Africanism.

● Its Origin

experiences of blacks on African mainland duirng slave trade

What is the characteristic feature of “Pan-Africanism;” and what is the aim of the movement?

● The characteristic feature  ● The aim of the movement

solidarity focus on african descendants’ efforts; return to Africa/elf-determination in the Diaspora

Although most of these emigration efforts were not practically successful at that time; however, there were two major advantages that Blacks gained out of such movement, both in the continent and the diaspora. 

● The two advantages

manifestations of resistance to white-supremacy; interwoven w pan Africa unity ones

The Pan-African conferences were organized and attended by outstanding Pan-African proponents as well as other notable intellectuals, businessmen, bureaucrats, and royalty within the African world with five major aims. 

● Example of the aims.

anti-imperialist awareness

One of the most stimulating factors, after World War II, was the international espousal of the “right contained in the Atlantic Chapter, a document created by Great Britain and the United States. 

● Mention what the right is intended to accomplish

right of all to independence and self-determination

The Fifth Pan-African Congress was held after World War II in 1945 in Manchester. Its organization was primarily led by two important Black leaders, one from the continent and the other from the diaspora.

● The two leaders.

George Padmore & Kwame Nkrumah

The Fifth Pan-African Congress was held after World War II in 1945 in Manchester. It differed from other Pan-African meetings held earlier, because of five factors. 

● Examples of the factors

strategy to liberate Africa, higher native-born african participation

The Fifth Pan-African Congress was held after World War II in 1945 in Manchester, with some objectives. 

● Examples of the objectives that they intended to achieve.

stronger stand against settler colonialism, end to illiteracy & malnutrition

After World War II, the colonial governments in most of these nations understood that if they were to use their colonies to strengthen their international influence, they must change their method in dealing with Africans than ever before. 

● What they intend to do.

commit resources of their own

After World War II, hundreds of young African graduates, and ex-servicemen, who had university and college education experience during the colonial era, were recruited, and instructed with every expectation of a lifetime career in colonial administration. 

● What the young African graduates were instructed in

new doctrines of gov

In addition to the graduates and ex-servicemen, other specialists were also recruited support along two major areas of development. 

● The two major areas of development.

agricultural production and marketing

One major conference was held by the colonial governments after World War II regarding economic planning, trade-union development, and constitutional reform. However, after the meeting, not all the sixty overseas participants who attended were mollified by the Labours’ good intentions. 

● The month and the year that the conference was held.

April 1946

 By one particular year after World War II, it had become clear that the aim of “development” would not be possible, as it had rather created new sources of discontent and frustration. 

● Mention the year in which this occurred

1948

Although the depth and gravity of African discontent still varied greatly between the various colonies;’ however, all the African leaders began to share one common goal. 

● The goal that they all shared.

be free from European colonization

Colonialism – foreign domination in Africa – came to see its last days at the end of one decade. 

● The decade

There were three major independent religious movements that emerged in the early period of the twentieth century, searching for some kind of religious freedom. 

● The three religious’ movements

islamic, traditional religious, semi-political

Many of the African converts finally decided to reject the religio-political control that was forced on them when they discovered that that Bible, which the missionaries brought to them, contains two important doctrines. 

● The two doctrines.

justice and equality of humankind; promise of second coming to end oppression of colonial regions

Large movements of Muslim protest also occurred throughout the north, and other countries in sub-Sahara, with an attempt to give their people something far better in the face of colonial conquests and repression. 

● Their attempt

stand against some systems imposed on them

Several semi-political movements emerged in Africa, and one of the earliest of them was founded in South Africa in the late Nineteen Century. 

● The name of the movement.

African National Congress

The rise of liberation movements can be traced from the time between the two wars; a time when one of the early movements was established in West Africa. 

● The name of the movement

● The year it was established

national congress of British west africa, 1919

The formation of several unions after World War II led to the emergence of three types of associations, which would play a role in the fight for independence. 

● Examples of these three associations

friendly & mutual-benefit societies, ethnic associations, football clubs

By the end of which decade did colonialism – foreign domination in Africa – enter its last days, and which as a result brough the European empires in Africa to an end?

● The decade

1940s

What kind of major development finally brought the whole ideology of decolonization to the minds of Africa leaders, which led to the rise of various liberation movements in Africa?

● Major Development

World War II

 By the end of World War II, the European officials had begun facing a real battle from three main groups whose members were inspired by the concept of nationalism. 

● Examples of these three groups

african elite, political leaders ex-soliders

World War II resulted in a basic shift in the world power situation; a shift that brought some changes in human relationships. 

● The kind of change that occurred

● The two nations that became the leaders of two vast power blocs

social change; USA & Soviet Union

All African leaders saw that for them to succeed, they must try to inculcate among most of the residents a certain kind of system, which was often at direct variance with that of the colonial governments.  

● The kind of system

wind of change

By this time, most of the African leaders had become interested to either form a political party or expand some of the already existing associations to new movements. But they, however, realized that for an association to be changed to a “movement” they had to expand their limited territories. 

● What they intended to do

To what extent did this new method or approach, employed by the leaders, influence the masses, the people.

● Method that influence the masses

create around movements of linked orgs

Several liberation movements and political parties were formed in the British colonies. Mention two of these movements/parties (ai & bi), and their respective countries (aii & bii) (Choose two different countries).

● Names

● Respective Countries

Ghana: United Gold Convention Kenya: Kenya National Party

Several liberation movements and political parties were formed in the French colonies. Mention two of these movements/parties (ai & bi), and their respective countries (aii & bii) (Choose two different countries).

● Names

● Respective Countries

Guinea: Democratic Party of Guinea; Cameroon: Population of the Cameroon

(38) Several liberation movements and political parties were formed in the Belgian colonies. Mention two of these movements/parties (ai & bi), and their respective countries (aii & bii) (Choose two different countries).

● Names

● Respective Countries

democratic republic of congo: Bankongo Association & Movement of National Congolais

 Several liberation movements and political parties were formed in the Portuguese colonies. Mention two of these movements/parties (ai & bi), and their respective countries (aii & bii) (Choose two different countries).

● Names

● Respective Countries

angola: movimento popular de libertacao angola, Mozambique: frente de libertacao de mocambique

 Despite the common goals that all the African leaders shared, each of them ended up choosing one of the two methods to fight for independence. Mention these two methods. 

● The Two Methods

diplomacy or guerrila-warfare system