KIN 312 Exam #2

KIN 312 - CSULB

Performance Outcome Measures

Measures the results or outcome of a skill. Ex: Distance thrown, speed, reaction time.

Performance Production Measures

Informs us about how the nervous system, muscular system, and limbs are acting to produce the performance outcome. Ex: EEG, EMG, force, limb kinematics.

Reaction Time

Indicates how long it takes to prepare & initiate movement.

Movement Time

The interval of time between the initiation of a movement and the completion of the movement.

Response Time

The time interval involving both the reaction time and the movement time; the time from the onset of a signal to the completion of a response.

Simple Reaction Time

The reaction time that involves 1 signal or stimulus and 1 response.

Choice Reaction Time

The reaction time that involves more than one signal and each requires it’s own specified response.

Discrimination Reaction Time

The reaction time that involves more than one signal but only one response, which is to only one of the signals; the other signals require no response.

True or False: Reaction time does not predict movement time.

True

True or False: Movement time does not predict reaction time.

True

True or False: Individuals may have differing rates of both reaction and movement time.

True

Premotor Time (PRMOT)

Time that elapses between the presentation of a stimulus and the first change in EMG activity.

Motor Time (MOT)

Begins with the first change in EMG activity and ends when movement begins.

What two time periods or intervals allow researches to identify changes in movement reaction time are due to cognitive processes or mechanical features of the limb?

Premotor Time (PRMOT) & Motor Time (MOT)

Absolute Error

A measure of error without regard to direction. Typically 1-Dimensional.

Constant Error

A measure of error with direction. A signed deviation from the target. Typically 1-Dimensional.

Variable Error

A error score that represents the variability of performance; the standard deviation of a series of constant scores.

Foreperiod

The time interval between the warning signal and “go” signal.

Radial Error

An error measure for 2-dimensional actions. Measures the distance from the target in a two dimensional space. Can be calculated when given a vertical and horizontal error. Based off basic right triangle trigonometry.

Root-mean-squared error (RMSE)

Indicates the amount of error between the performance curve produced and the criterion performance curve for a specific amount of time.

Kinematics

The description of motion without regard to force or mass; displacement, velocity, acceleration.

Displacement

Describes changes in spatial location as a person carries out a movement.

Velocity

Rate of change in an object position with respect to time.

Acceleration

Change in velocity during movement.

Kinetics

Refers to force as the cause of motion.

When using a force plate or strain gauge, what is being measured, kinetics or kinematics?

Kinetics

Electromyography (EMG)

Measures the electrical activity in muscles.

Electroencephalography

Measures brain activity

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Used for measuring the concentration of positron emitting radioisotopes within different body tissues.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Visualizes brain function through change in fluid flow (cerebrospinal fluid, blood).

Lesions

Removed portion of brain matter to see effects on function (performed on lab animals).

Action preparation (Reaction Time)

involves the events that occur in the nervous system from the intention of an action to the initiation of an action.

What is step #1 of planning the action at the cognitive level?

Making the decision to act.

Making the decision to act - Action preparation or planning begins with a decision or _______.

intention to act.

Acts maybe driven by ________ or _________.

Internal goals, response to the environment.

What is step #2 of planning the action at the cognitive level?

Developing a general plan.

Developing a general plan or determining how appropriate the action plan is for the situation is determined by _________ and _________:

Previous experience, evaluation of the situation.

What is step #3 of planning the action at the cognitive level?

Adding details to the plan.

• Selecting various movement parameters (force, velocity, displacement).

• Which body part will be used.

• What environmental characteristics are present.

Is darts an example of a motor act driven by the environment or internal goals?

Internal goals

Is hitting a ball an example of a motor act driven by the environment or internal goals?

The environment

Hicks Law Formula

RT = Klog(N+1)

• K = simple RT

• N = number of choices

Hicks Law

As the number of choices increase, so does the reaction time.

Absolute Value Formula

∑ |xi - T|/N

Constant Error Formula

∑ (xi - T)/N

Variable Error Formula

(∑ (xi - CE)2)/(N-1)

The Predictability of the Correct Response Choice

As the predictability of one of the choices increases, reaction time decreases.

Influence of Precue Correctness

Precue correctness is how we're looking at clues in the environment to tell us what's going to happen.

• 50/50 chance of correct precue: no preference

• 80/20 chance of correct precue: bias toward the higher probability.

Stimulus-Response Compatibility

Reaction time will be faster if the relationship between the stimulus and response are compatible. Ex: The button layout on a remote, the UI of a phone application. Stroop effect highlights this concept.

Foreperiod Length Regularity

If the foreperiod is the same for every simple reaction time task, reaction time will decrease.

If the foreperiod is the same for every simple reaction time task, reaction time will _______.

Decrease

What are the 8 task influences of preparation?

1. The Number of Response Choices (Hicks Law)

2. The Predictability of the Correct Response Choice

3. Influence of Precue Correctness

4. Stimulus-Response Compatibility

5. Foreperiod Length Regularity

6. Movement Complexity

7. Movement Accuracy

8. Repetitions of Movement

Reaction time increases as a function of the number of component parts in a movement _____.

increases

As the accuracy of the demand for a movement increases the amount of preparation time _______.

increases

When the performer is alert and attentive, initiation time is _____.

reduced

Reaction time is ________ when performers focus on a signal rather than a movement or set of movements.

reduced

What 4 areas in the CNS are associated with planning and execution of actions?

1. Limbic System

2. Association Cortex

3. Projection System

4. Spinal System

What are the two influences of the performer on initiation?

1. Alertness of Performer

2. Attentional Focus of Performer

Structure that surrounds the hypothalamus.

The limbic system

Responsible for our intention to act according to environmental demands.

The limbic system

The Fornix, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Cingulate, and Gyrus are all part of what?

The limbic system

Distributed throughout the cortex.

The association cortex

Analyzes and transforms acts that are generated in the limbic system into general plans of action.

The association cortex

What recognizes, selects, and integrates relevant sensory input when planning an action?

The association cortex

Determines how the action should be carried out.

The projection system

Responsible for adding the movement dynamics to best fit the goal and environmental constraints.

The projection system

Regulates the timing of the muscle activation patterns; is the “fine tuner” of the systems.

The spinal system

True or False: Information flowing within the systems is unidirectional.

False, information flowing within the systems is NOT unidirectional.

True or False: Feedback loops between the systems allow the CNS to make modifications.

True

True or False: Modifications made between the systems are based on comparisons between the action produced and the goal action.

True

What neuromotor level matches up with the cognitive level: step #2 - developing a general plan?

The association cortex

What neuromotor level matches up with the cognitive level: step #1 - Making the decision to act?

The limbic system

What two neuromotor levels match up with the cognitive level: step #3 - adding details to the plan?

The projection system and spinal system

Definition of Attention

The engagement in perceptual, cognitive, and motor activities before, during, and after performing motor skills.

True or False: We can consciously or non-consciously engage in attention activities.

True

What are the three types of conscious attention?

1. Perceptual attention

2. Cognitive attention

3. Motor attention

“I’m looking at…”

Perceptual attention

“I am thinking about”

Cognitive attention

“I am moving…”

Motor attention

Is able to verbally describe the attention activity.

Conscious engagement

Cannot, or have difficultly, verbally describing the attention activity.

Non-conscious engagement

A key factor that influences the amount of activities people can perform simultaneously.

Limited attention capacity

Theory that explains how there is “one supply store” from which all attention activities must be obtained.

Central Resource Theory

View that attention is always the same amount; attention stays constant.

Fixed

View that attention capacity varies from situation to situation.

Flexible

A flexible central resource theory. States that flexible amounts of attention are due to arousal levels.

Kahneman’s Theory

Excitability of a person, emotional, mental, and physiological states.

Arousal level

According to Kahneman’s Theory, what is the factor that influences the amount of attention capacity available for a specific performance situation?

Arousal level

According to Kahneman’s Theory, maximum attention capacity equals…

Optimum arousal level for the situation.

What is the relationship between the performance and arousal levels according to Kahneman’s Theory? hint: think shapes

Inverted “U” relationship

True or False: Task demands are stagnant when learning a skill.

False, task demands change with learning a skill.

True or False: Demands are task specific.

True

What are the two types of attention allocation policies?

1. Enduring dispositions

2. Momentary intentions

When you hear your name when talking to someone, you invertedly look around you. What type of attention allocation policy is this?

Enduring dispositions

Involuntary allocation of attention

Enduring dispositions

An intentional allocation of attention

Momentary intentions

A coach tells their player to concentrate on something and the player attempts to do so. What attention allocation policy is this?

Momentary intentions

Proposed by Wickens (1980, 1992)

Multiple Resources Theory

According to Multiple Resources Theory, resources are available from what 3 sources?

1. Input/Output Modalities (vision, speech)

2. Stages of Information Processing (perception, memory encoding, response output)

3. Codes of processing information (verbal and spatial codes).

Theory that states that the different kinds of attention we allocate come from different places.

Multiple Resources Theory

A procedure to assess attention demands of performing a motor skill. Person instructed to maintain normal performance on primary task. Secondary task performance assessed to determine attention demands of the primary task.

Dual Task Procedure