BIOL 145 - Plant science

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, typically unicellular organisms like bacteria.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; can be rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes).

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs.

Chloroplasts

Organelles in plants responsible for photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll.

Cell Theory

The theory stating that all living organisms are composed of cells and cells are the basic unit of life.

Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonds formed when two atoms share electrons.

Ionic Bonds

Electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds that occur between molecules, often seen in water and between amino acids in proteins.

Cell Membrane

The semipermeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

Vacuoles

Storage organelles in plant cells that can hold various substances, including nutrients and waste products.

Cellular Reproduction

The process by which cells divide to form new cells, occurring during the cell cycle.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material.

Microtubules

Cytoskeletal elements in cells that help maintain structure and facilitate movement.

Plastids

Double-membraned organelles found in plant cells, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a major energy source for organisms.

Molecules are reactions of?

Energy or stimuli

Collision theory definition

For a reaction to occur it is necessary for the reacting species (atoms or molecules) to come together or collide with one another

Plant anatomy is the study of?

Internal structure of plants

Plant physiology is the study of?

Plant function

Plant taxonomy is the study of?

Describing, naming and classifying plants

Plant systematics is the study of?

Developing methods for classifying and naming plants

Plant geography is the study of?

Plant distributions

Plant ecology is the study of?

Interaction between plants and their environments

Plant morphology is the study of?

Form and structure of plants

Metabolism on respiration

Energy release

Metabolism on photosynthesis

Energy harnessing

Metabolism on digestion

Conversion of large insoluble food molecules to smaller soluble molecules

Metabolism on assimilation

Conversion of raw materials into cell substances

Compound definition

two or more elements united in a definite ration by chemical bonds

Nucleus

Center of an atom

Protons

Positively charges particles

Neutrons

Neutral particles

Atomic number

Number of protons

Atomic mass

Combined number of protons and neutrons

Electrons

Negative electric charges circling the nucleus

Orbitals

Volume of space in which a given electron occurs 90% of the time

Isotope

Form of an element that varies in its number of neutrons and atomic weight

Compound

Two or more elements united in a definite ratio by chemical bonds

Molecule

Two or more atoms bound together

Valence

Combining activity of an atom or an ion based on electron number

Bonds

Forces that form molecules by attracting and holding atoms together

Polar

Electrons are shared unequally

Nonpolar

Electrons are shared equally

Ionic Bonds

Electrons in outermost orbital can be removed from one atom and transferred to another atom

Ions

Formed when molecules loose or gain electrons

Hydrogen bonds

Attraction between positively charged hydrogen atoms in polar molecules and negatively charged atoms in other polar molecules

Polymers include?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

When were cells discovered by Robert Hooke?

1665

When did Marcello Malpighi and Nehemiah Grew described single-celled organisms

1670’s

When did Rene J.H. Durochet concluded that all plant and animal tissues and plant tissues are made of cells

1824

When did Robert Brown discovered the nucleus

1831

Who discovered the nucleolus

Matthias Schleiden

When did Schleiden and Theodor Schwan formulated the Cell Theory

1838

What is cell theory

All living organisms are composed of cells and cells form a unifying structural basis of organization

What did Rudolf Virchow argue that there is no spontaneous generation of cells

1858

When did Edward Buchner accidentally discovered that fermentation could occur without living yeast cells

1897

Cytosol

Fluid within cytoplasm containing organelles

Organelles

Persistent structures of various shapes and sizes with specialized functions

Protoplasm

Consists of all living cell components

Cytoplasm

Consists of all cellular components between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Hemicellulose

Holds cellulose fibrils together

Pectin

Give stiffness

Glycoproteins

Proteins with associated sugars

What is the main structural component of cell walls is….?

Cellulose

The primary cell wall is called the?

Lamella

Lamella consists of?

A fine network of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins

Secondary walls are made of what?

Lignin and cellulose microfibrils

How can fluids and dissolved substances pass through the primary cell walls?

Adjacent cells via plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata are what?

Cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through minute openings

Nucleus

Sends coded messages from DNA to be used in other parts of the cell

Nucleus is bound by what?

Two membranes which together constitute the nuclear envelope

Endoplasmic reticulum is enclosed …?

Space consisting of a network of flattened sacs and tubes forming channels throughout the cytoplasm

Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

Ribosomes distributed on outer surface of ER

Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

Devoid of ribosomes and associated with lipid secretion

Ribosomes

Consist of two subunits that are composed of RNA and proteins

Dictyosomes (like Golgi bodies in animals)

Stacks of flattened discs or vesicles

Function of dictyosomes

Modify carbohydrates attached to proteins that are synthesized and packaged in the ER

Chromoplasts

Synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)

Leucoplasts

Colorless, may synthesize starched (amyloplasts) or oils (elaioplasts)

Vacuoles

Maintenance of cell pressure and PH, storage of numerous cell metabolites and waste products. Inside the is a watery fluid called cell sap, which is slightly to moderately acidic

Microfilaments

Role in cytoplasmic streaming

Cytoskeleton

Involved in movement within and in cells architecture

Microtubules

Control addition of cellulose to cell wall, involved in movement of flagella and cilia, found in fibers of spindles and phragmoplasts in dividing cells, are thin hollow tubelike and composed of tubulins (proteins)

Plant interphase

Occupies 90% of cell cycle

Axillary bud are important how?