All parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measure.
\
Split-half method
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Did the study work because of the unusual place you did the study in?
Places threat
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A tentative explanation of an event or a behavior. It is a statement that predicts the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable.
Experimental Hypothesis
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Experimental hypotheses can be supported or contradicted.
Synthetic Statement
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Reasoning from specific cases to general principles to form a hypothesis.
Induction
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Reasoning from general principles to specific predictions.
Deduction
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A type of extraneous variable that are related to a study's independent and dependent variables.
Confounding Variables
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Also known as confounders or confounding factors.
Confounding Variables
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Only including subjects with the same values of potential confounding factors.
Restriction
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Select a comparison group that matches with the treatment group
Matching
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The variable being measured in a scientific experiment
Dependent Variable
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\ Meaning of a variable by defining it in terms of observable procedures and measurements.
Operational Definition
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Specifies the exact procedure for measuring the dependent variable.
Measured Operational Definition
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How accurately a measurement procedure samples the content of the dependent variable.
Content Validity
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Individual differences are not balanced across treatment conditions by the assignment procedure.
Selection threat
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Nonexperimental approaches used in the field \n or in real-life settings.
Field studies
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Selecting the subjects based categories
Stratified sampling
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\ A group of multiple-choice questions displayed in a grid of rows and columns. The rows present the questions to the respondents, and the columns offer a set of predefined answer choices that apply to each question in the row.
Matrix
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Type of an open-ended question where questions are randomly generated.
Unstructured
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A carryover effect where it is the act of changing something or changing your behavior to make it suitable for a new purpose or situation.
Adaptation
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True
True or False? Although in quasi-experimental research the independent variable is manipulated, participants are not randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions
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An experimental design where a treatment is implemented (or \n an independent variable is manipulated) and then a dependent variable is measured once after the treatment is \n implemented.
One-group posttest only \n design
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An explanation of a relationship between two or more variables.
Hypothesis
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Predicts how variables might be correlated, but not causally related.
Nonexperimental Hypothesis
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Experimental hypotheses can be proven wrong.
Falsifiable
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Experimental hypotheses can be proved or disproved as a result of testing, data collection, or experience
Testable
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Simple and precise
Parsimonious
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\ May lead to new studies
Fruitful
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Prefer a simple hypothesis over one requiring many supporting assumptions.
Parsimony
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"top-down" approach.
Deductive
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The variable that we change in a scientific experiment.
Independent variable
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An experiment is ------ when the value of an extraneous variable systematically changes along with the independent variable.
Confounded
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Specifies the exact procedure for creating values of the independent variable.
Experimental Operational Definition
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\ Refers to the consistency of experimental operational definitions and measured operational definitions.
Reliability
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Consistent within itself
Internal
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Measure varies from one use to another
External
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Measures the stability of a test over time.
Test re-test reliability
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Degree to which different raters give consistent estimates of the same behavior.
Interrater reliability
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\ Accurately manipulates the independent variable or measures the dependent variable.
\
Validity
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\ How accurately a measurement procedure predicts future performance,
Predictive Validity
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How accurately an operational definition represents a construct.
Construct Validity
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Occurs when an event outside the experiment threatens internal validity by changing the dependent variable.
History threat
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Physical or psychological changes in the subject threaten internal validity by changing the DV.
Maturation threat
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This of particular concern when researchers administers identical pretest and posttest.
Repeated Testing threat
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Changes in the measurement instrument or measuring procedure threatens internal validity.
Instrumentation threat
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Subjects drop out of experimental conditions at different rates.
Subject mortality threat
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Was the study conducted at a peculiar time?
Time Threat
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When participants become wise to anticipated results (termed a placebo effect), they may begin to exhibit performance that they believe is expected of them.
Demand characteristics
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Extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause- and effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome.
Internal validity
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Refers to whether a study's findings can \n be generalized to the real world.
Ecological validity
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\ Outcomes apply to practical situations
External validity
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\ Controls extraneous variables (the experimenter is confident that independent is the only variable that has an effect on the dependent variable).
Internal validity
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It is a descriptive record of a single individual's experiences, or behaviors, or both , kept by an outside observer.
Case studies
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Researchers might study a group of people in a certain setting or look at an entire community of people.
Collective case studies
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The subjects are then observed and the information gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.
Descriptive case studies
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Researchers are interested in looking at factors that may have \n actually caused certain things to occur.
Explanatory case studies
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These are sometimes used as a prelude or introduction to \n further, more in-depth research.
Exploratory case studies
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Individual or group allows researchers to understand more than what is initially obvious to observers.
Instrumental case studies
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\ This type of case study is when the researcher has a personal \n interest in the case.
Intrinsic case studies
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Census records, survey records, and name lists.
Archival records
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Involves observing the subject, often in a natural setting.
Data is collected via an observational method or subjects in a \\n natural environment.
Direct observation
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Letters, newspaper articles, administrative records, etc are \n the types of documents often used as sources.
Documents
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Involve structured survey-type questions or more open-ended \n questions.
Interviews
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Researcher serves as a participant in events and observes the actions and outcomes.
**Participant observation**
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Tools, objects, instruments and other artifacts are often observed during a direct observation of the subject.
**Physical artifacts**
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The researcher is deeply involved in the research process, not just purely as an observer, but also as a participant.
**Participant Observation**
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Researchers may have access to a group that they may not otherwise have an opportunity to observe, and they may experience the practices of the group as members of the group would experience them.
**COVERT AND ACTIVE PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION**
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Researchers do not actively engage with their subjects in this form of participant observation, and because their subjects are also unaware that they are being observed.
**Covert and Passive Participant Observation**
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They run the risk of both changing the behavior of their subjects through their interactions with them, and their subjects \n changing their behavior on their own knowing that they are \n being studied
**Overt and Active Participant Observation**
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Participants are aware of being studied in this form of participant observation. Researchers are also unable to experience the world as their subjects would experience \n it in this form of participant observation.
**Overt and Passive** \n **Participant Observation**
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An expanded observation of social research and social perspective and the cultural values of an entire social setting.
**Ethnography**
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This method of field research can use a mix of one-on-one interviews, focus groups and text analysis.
**Qualitative Interviews**
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Everyone has a equal chance of being selected.
**Random sampling**
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Subjects are chosen in a specific order from a population
**Systematic sampling**
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Samples are found from natural groups in a \n population
**Cluster sampling**
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Combining multiple sampling methods
**Multi-Stage sampling**
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Selecting participants based on a specific proportioned mutually-exclusive sub-groups of a population.
**Quota sampling**
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A specific sample of the population is targeted
**Purposive sampling**
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Surveying based on opportunity
**Convenience sampling**
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Gifts for participants to entice them the complete the survey or participate in interview.
**Incentives**
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\ Are designed so that the participant must read the questions that they are being asked and must then answer them based on the response style.
**Questionnaires**
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Sometimes you have to ask the respondent one question in order to determine if they are qualified or experienced enough to answer a subsequent one.
**Filter or Contingency**
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Responses are graded on a continuum. A survey scale is an orderly arrangement of different survey response options.
**Scaled**
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Is a type of survey response scale that provides two options, which lie at opposite ends.
**Dichotomous Scale**
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\ A type of survey response scale that allows respondents to match specific qualitative values with different assertions, products, or features.
**Rating Scale**
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\ Is a type of psychometric scale that is used to collect information about people's opinions and perceptions on specific subjects and contexts.
**Likert Scale**
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Questions that the respondent can write their own answer.
**Open-ended questions**
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Questions with a list of options to choose from.
**Close-ended questions**
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Type of an open-ended question where participant chooses the first word that comes to mind based on the list of words presented.
**Word Association**
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Type of an open-ended question where participant finishes a story, sentence or picture that has \n already been started.
**Completion**
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**True**
True or False? In the majority of research, qualitative data is preferred and has shown to provide more accurate answers than quantitative data.
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**False**
True or False? Questionnaire is not cost and time efficient way of collecting a variety of data from large populations
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The respondents answers are not their true beliefs
**Response Bias**
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An organized interview with a specific list of questions and no interruptions from the interviewer.
**Structured**
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A free-flowing interview with little organization and fewer questions.
**Unstructured**
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A few questions are predetermined, but other questions aren't planned.
**Semi-structured interviews**
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The questions are presented to a group instead of one individual.
**Focus group interviews:**
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Interviewer and Interviewee are going through \n interview face-to-face
**Personal**
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\ Conducting an interview via telephone**.**
**Telephone**
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Interviewing with e-mail, chat room or other form of communication over the web.
Studied by 6 people
