lecture 22 biochem

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22 Terms

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Metabolism

How living systems use energy captured from the environment.

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ATP hydrolysis

The process where ATP is broken down to release energy.

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Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.

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Gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from simpler precursors like pyruvate and lactate.

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High-energy compounds

Molecules like ATP that capture free energy from the degradation of nutrients.

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Phosphoryl group transfer

The movement of phosphoryl groups from high-energy to low-energy molecules.

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Endergonic reaction

A reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed.

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Exergonic reaction

A reaction that releases energy, typically favored thermodynamically.

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Flux

The flow of metabolites through a metabolic pathway.

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Allosteric effectors

Molecules that bind to enzymes and alter their activity.

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NADH

A reduced cofactor that carries electrons and plays a significant role in energy metabolism.

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Oxidation-reduction (Redox) reactions

Reactions involving the transfer of electrons between substances.

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Conjugate redox pair

A pair consisting of a reducing agent and an oxidizing agent.

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Standard reduction potential

A measure of the affinity of an electron acceptor for electrons, expressed in volts.

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Pyrophosphate (PPi)

A byproduct of ATP hydrolysis, consisting of two phosphate groups.

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Energy currency

A term often used to describe ATP, because it stores and releases energy for biological work.

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Thioester bond

A high-energy bond found in compounds like acetyl-CoA.

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Negative feedback regulation

A control mechanism where the end product of a pathway inhibits an earlier step.

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Covalent modifications

Chemical changes to enzymes that regulate their activity, often through phosphorylation.

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Hill coefficient

A measure of cooperativity of allosteric enzymes during substrate binding.

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Catabolic pathways

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules to release energy.

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Anabolic pathways

Metabolic pathways that build molecules and require input of energy.