Central Dogma of Biology

DNA

double stranded; in nucleus; contains ALL genetic info.; A--T, C--G

RNA

single stranded; can leave nucleus and go to cytoplasm or ribosome; contains info to make a protein;

A--U; C--G

mRNA

messenger RNA; can leave the nucleus, carries the code for the protein

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; make up a ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA; carries the amino acids to the ribosome

Goal of protein synthesis:

To make a chain of proteins outside the nucleus

In protein synthesis, what molecule has the instructions?

DNA

DNA is located in:

nucleus

What organelle is used to make proteins?

ribosome

Ribosome is located in:

cytoplasm

Two stages of protein synthesis:

Transcription and translation

Transcription

DNA---mRNA, in nucleus

Translation

mRNA--protein, in cytoplasm at ribosome

In protein synthesis, the GENETIC CODE is:

sequence of nitrogen bases along one strand of DNA

Proteins

long chains of amino acids

20

number of different amino acids

Codon

a sequence of 3 bases that provides the code for an amino acid

64

number of different codons in the genetic code

61

number of codons in amino acids in the genetic code

3

number of stop codons in the genetic code

There can be more than one _____ for an _____ _____.

codon; amino acid

The genetic code is UNIVERSAL because:

the codons represent the same amino acids in ALL organisms

In transcription, DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so...:

small parts (genes) are copied (transcription) to create mRNA.

In transcription, the enzyme RNA helicase:

opens a small portion of DNA.

In transcription, RNA nucleotides base pair with:

only one side of the DNA.

In transcription, a single strand of RNA is produced that is called:

mRNA

In transcription, the mRNA carries the copied information to:

the ribosome located in the cytoplasm.

In transcription, ribosomes are made up of:

proteins and ribosomal (rRNA)

Translation is:

the process that converts mRNA into a sequence of amino acids.

In translation, the START codon (AUG) of the mRNA:

attaches to a ribosome

In translation, tRNA brings:

a specific amino acid.

In translation, the tRNA anticodon:

pairs with the mRNA codon.

In translation, the mRNA slides along the ribosome and:

eventually a protein forms.

Translation ends with a:

STOP codon.

DNA Replication occurs so:

it can copy a segment to create mRNA

DNA (can or cannot) leave the nucleus to bring instructions to the ribosomes.

CANNOT

Ribosomes (can or cannot) make the protein without instructions.

CANNOT

Why is transcription so important?

The DNA matches up bases to RNA to send the instructions with the RNA strand because it is smaller and can fit out of the nucleus.

Which comes first, transcription or translation?

transcription

What is translation?

This is when the mRNA brings the instruction to the ribosome to make the protein.

What happens in translation?

The mRNA is read by tRNA (transfer RNA) and the tRNA goes out to find the amino acid that pairs up with the codons in mRNA.

Codon = _______

3 RNA bases like AGC

On a Codon chart:

1st letter is on the left side;

2nd letter is on top;

3rd letter is on the right side

DNA Base Pair Rule:

A--T (Apple is in the Tree)

C--G (Car is in the Garage)

RNA Base Pair Rule:

A--U (Apple is Under the tree)

C--G (Car is in the Garage)

Where can I find the CODON Chart so I can practice?

Bio Workbook!

DNA Replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Transcription

Protein

Translation

point mutation (substitution)

Mutation where one nucleotide is put in place of the correct nucleotide.

Frameshift mutation

Involves insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence.