AICE 4.1

Warlord Era

Period of time where China was ruled by unaffiliated military generals

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils" and targeted Christians

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country that can also create strong feelings of hatred towards other countries

Manchu Dynasty

the last empire of China; refused to reform; eventually replaced by the first republic of China

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the KMT until his death; attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

reform

change

Xinhai Revolution

soldiers' revolution in 1911 in China, they forced the emperor to abdicate and the Qing empire fell. Led to a republic started by Sun Yat-Sen.

Yuan Shih-kai

Nationalist general who took over as President of China, but was actually a dictator; later declared himself emperor

Twenty-One Demands

a list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate; made many Chinese citizens angry

May Fourth Movement

A national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Paris Peace settlement and foreign interference.

New Culture Movement

An intellectual revolution that attacked traditional Chinese, particularly Confucian, culture and promoted Western ideas of science, democracy, and individualism, from around 1916 to 1923.

KMT

Kuomintang; China's Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen

CCP

Chinese Communist Party

Comintern

Communist International, international association of communist parties led by the Soviet Union for the purpose of encouraging worldwide communist revolution

First United Front

political alliance between the KMT and the CCP

Three Principles

Sun Yat-sen's main ideas of nationalism, democracy, and social/economic reform

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Began as leader of the KMT, but eventually became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

NRA

National Revolutionary Army; army of the KMT, led by Chiang Kai-shek

Northern Expedition

a campaign to unite China and defeat the warlords; led by the KMT and the NRA

Wang Ching-wei

close associate of Sun Yat-sen; advocated for democracy and social reform; Chiang Kai-shek's opponent for control of the KMT

Jinan Incident

Northern Expedition forces attack Japanese dominated Shandong but are brutally defeated; 6000 Chinese die, 14 Japanese die

Purification Movement

an attempt to remove all communist influence from the KMT; led by Chiang Kai-shek

martial law

type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended

Shanghai Massacres

a purge of communists from the KMT in which the Green Gang attacked and murders communists and protestors

White Terror

beginning with the Shanghai Massacres and spreading across China; the violent purge of communists

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist leader

Long March

The 6,000-mile flight of Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek

Red Army

the CCP military

Xi'an Incident

An event in which Chiang Kai-Shek was abducted by two generals. It was the result of his policy of pursuing the Communists instead of the Japanese

Mukden Incident

A "Chinese" attack on a Japanese railway near the city of Mukden (had actually been carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese); used by Japan as an excuse to seize Manchuria

Manchurian Crisis

Japan annexed an area in northern China; League of Nations did nothing

Second United Front

the second alliance between the KMT and the CCP following Xi'an Incident.

Nanking Decade

the period between the Northern Expedition and the war with Japan during which Chiang Kai-shek attempted tot make many reforms

communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Extermination Campaigns

campaigns undertaken by the KMT to exterminate Communists throughout China, five in total between 1930 and 1934

industrialization

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Manchukuo

Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931

modernization

The process of reforming or updating political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions

reparations

Payment for war damages

Westernization

An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of European or American countries.

Canton Purge

Chiang Kai-shek began targeting communists and eliminating them from KMT leadership after Sun Yat-sen's death

Beiyang Army

the Manchu Dynasty military; defeated the the Xinhai Revolution while led by Yuan Shih-kai

Green Gang

a group of criminals used by the KMT to eliminate communists during the Purification Movement