BIOL 431 Final Exam Review (Lecture Notes)

3 components of cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels & blood

blood (3 functions)

transportation, regulation & protection

3 components of blood (& %)

45% red blood cells,

plasma & components

fluid portion of blood

water, electrolytes, nutrients, gasses & plasma proteins

plasma proteins include

albumin (54%), globulin (38%), fibrinogen (2%)

serum

plasma without fibrinogen (clotting factors)

formed elements & components

cells & cell fragments of blood

Buffy coat & redblood cells

Buffycoat is made up of

leukocytes & platelelts

5 kinds of leukocytes

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils & basophils

erythrocytes

red blood cells

hematocrit (normal value)

blood cell count; % of total blood volume occupied by RBC & 45

anemia

low hemoatocrit levels

polycythemia

high hematocrit levels

main site of hemopoesis (adult & fetus)

red bone marrow; liver, spleen, thymus & lymph node

pluripotent stem cells (2 lines of development)

myeloid stem cell

lymphoid stemm cell

myeloid stem cells develop into

erythrocytes, thrombocytes & 4/5 of leukocytes (monocytes, eosinophil, basophil & neutrophil)

lymphoid stem cells develop into

T cells, B cells, natural killer cells

erythrocyte characteristics

specific for oxygen transport

biconcave disc

lack nucleus

lack mitochondria

specific function of erythrocyte being biconcave

smaller than sphere for movement & large surface area for diffusion

erythropoeisis

stimulus: hypoxia

receptor: kidney chemoreceptor (release erythropoietin)

control center: red bone marrow (proerythrozytes mature into reticulocyte)

effect: increased oxygen carrying capacity

factors that induce hypoxia

increased attitude, decreased gas, respiratory issues & smoke. inhalation

2 categories of leukocytes

granular & agranular

granular leukocytes include:

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranular leukocytes include:

lymphocytes & monocytes

leukocyte characteristics

has nucleus

can emigrate out of blood vessel

leukocyte emigration steps (3)

roll (slow down)

stick (sticks to endothelial cell)

squeeze (squeeze through tight junctions)

pus

dead/dying neutrophils & monocytes

neutrophil

phagocytosis; multi-lobed

eosinophil

fight off parasites & break down histamines (decrease inflammation)

basophil

releases histamines (increases inflammation)

lymphocytes

smallest WBC; mediate immunoresponse

3 categories of lymphocytes

B cells, T cells & natural killer cells

monocyte

phagocytosis/destroy foreign substances; becomes macrophage

hemostasis

sequence of steps to stop bleeding

3 responses to trauma to blood vessel

vascular spasm

platelet plug formation

coagulation/blood clotting

platelet plug formation steps

release ADP (promote platelet stickiness & increased activation)

thromboxane A2 (increased platelet activation & vasoconstriction)

serotonin (increased. vasoconstriction)

coagulation/blood clotting

increased prothrombinase (breaks down prothrombin into thrombin)

thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin thread

3 layers of heart

endocardium, myocardium & epicardium

atrioventricular valves opens when

P atria > P ventricle

atrioventricular valves closes when

P atria < P ventricle

semilunar valve open when

P ventricles > P vessel

semilunar valves closes when

P ventricles < P vessel

heart sound “Lub” is

1st heart sound; AV valve close

heart sound "dub” is

2nd heart sound; SL valve close

cardiac muscle tissue characteristics

highly branched, striated, uninucleate, poor regeneration, multiple mitochondria, requires increased oxygen, intercalated discs & involuntary

auto rhythmic action potential characteristics

no resting membrane potential (leaky Na+ channels)

constant Na+ influx leads to pacemaker potential

auto rhythmic cells located in:

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, right & left bundle branches, purkinje cells

intrinsic rate of depolarization of sinoatrial node

100 bpm

intrinsic rate of depolarization of atrioventricular node

40-60 bpm

intrinsic rate of bundle of His, right & left bundle branches & purkinje cells

20-35 bpm

heart rate is influenced by

autonomic nervous system (Parasympathetic: CNX; release ACh to decrease slope & HR) (Sympathetic: cardiac accelerator nerve; release NE to increase slope & HR)

cardiac muscle action potential

depolarization (Na+ influx)

calcium plateau (increased refractory period; Ca2+ influx via voltage gated Ca2+ channels)

repolarization (K+ efflux via voltage gated K+ channels)

P wave

atrial depolarization

QRS complex

atrial repolarization & ventricular depolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

PQ interval

time for action potential to travel from SA node to purkinje cell & atrial systole

QT interval

ventricular depolarization, plateau & repolarization & ventricular systole

ST segment

ventricular Ca2+ plateau

3 events in cardiac cycle

atrial systole

ventricular systole

diastole period

atrial systole (electrical excitation, mechanical event, pressure & volume)

electrical excitation: atrial depolarization (P wave)

mechanical event: atrial systole/contraction

pressure: P atria > P ventricles (AV valves open)

end diastolic volume

volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole (130 mL)

ventricular systole (electrical event, mechanical event, pressure & volume)

electrical excitation: QRS complex

mechanical event: ventricular systole & atrial diastole

pressure: P ventricles > P atria (AV valves close); P ventricles > P vessel (SL valves open)

isovolumetric contractions

all 4 valves closed while contraction (to increase pressure over short period of time)

end systolic volume

volume of blood in each ventricle @ end of systole (60 mL)

stroke volume

volume of blood ejected per heart beat

SV = EDV -ESV

diastole period (electrical, mechanical & pressure event)

electrical event: T wave (ventricular repolarization)

mechanical event: ventricular diastole & atria still in diastole

pressure: P ventricles < P vessels (SL valves close); P ventricle < P atria (AV valves open)

cardiac output

volume of blood ejected from each ventricle in 1 minute

SV(HR)= CO

stroke volume regulated by (3)

preload (load on heart prior to contraction; EDV)

contractility (strength of contraction)

afterload (pressure required to open SL valve)

preload dependent on 2 components

venous return

duration of ventricular diastole/ventricular filling

normal pulmonary afterload

10 mmHg

normal aortic afterload

80 mmHg

positive chronotropic agents

increase heart rate

negative chronotropic agents

decrease heart rate

heart rate regulated by (3)

nervous system

chemicals

other factors

nervous system effect on heart rate

CV control center: medulla

input via proprioceptors, baroreceptors & chemoreceptors

output via cardiac accelerator nerve (increase HR) & vagus nerve (decrease HR)

chemicals that affect heart rate

hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone)

cations (increased K+ & increased Na+)

other factors that affect heart rate

age, gender, fitness level, body temperature

arteries characteristics

contains elastic laminae, thick smooth muscle & high pressure vessels

3 layers: tunica interna, tunica media & tunica externa

arterioles

main site of resistance (regulates blood flow)

capillaries

main site of exchange

35-16 mmHg

3 kinds of capillaries

continuous, fenestrated & sinusoids

veins & venuoles characteristics (different than artery)

more numerous, no elastic laminae, decreased smooth muscle & low pressure veins

blood reservoir

capillary exchange (3)

diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow

blood hydrostatic pressure

blood pressure against blood vessel (filtration)

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

pressure of interstitial solutes pulling from blood vessel (filtration)

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

pressure of interstitial fluid against blood vessel (reabsorption)

blood colloid osmotic pressure

blood solutes pulling from interstitial space (reabsorption)

net filtration pressure & typical value (arteriole & venuole end)

NFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (IFHP + BCOP)

arteriole: 10 mmHg; venuole: -9 mmHg

pulse pressure

pressure of one pulse

systolic bp - diastolic bp

mean arterial pressure equations

MAP = 1/3 SBP + 2/3 DBP

MAP = CO(TPR)

baroreceptor reflex (stimulus, receptor, control center, effector & effect)

stimulus: high bp

receptor: baroreceptor @ aortic arch & carotid sinus

control enter: medulla oblongata (received via CN IX & CN X)

effector: hearth & blood vessel (increase PNS & decreased SNS)

effect: decrease heart rate, contractility, CO, vessel diameter (overall decrease in MAP)

autoregulation

ability of tissue to self adjust blood flow to organ based on metabolic need/demand

types of shock

hypovolemic (fluid loss), cardiogenic (inadequate heart pump), vascular (involving blood vessel) & obstructive (pulmonary embolism)

lymphatic system (3 fxn)

drain excess interstitial fluid

transport dietary lipid & fat soluble vitamins

carry out immune response

immunity

resistance; ability to ward off disease

2 categories of immune response

innate & adoptive/specific

innate immunity

non-specific; defenses present at birth

adoptive/specific immunity

specific recognition of microbe/pathogen that’s breached innate defense

2 lines of specific immunity

cell mediated & antibody mediated adaptive immunity

3 main components of lymphatic system

lymph

lymphatic organs/structures

lymphatic vessels