Bio 151. UW Madison. Exam 1

ATP stands for...

adenosine triphosphate

Macromolecules

polymers built from monomers

long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks

-typer of bonding: covalent

polymer

true or false: lipids are chain like molecules

false

Dehydration rxn

-synthesizing a polymer

removes H2O molecule , forms a new bond

Hydrolysis

-breaking down a polymer

-adds H2O molecule, breaks bond

Important macromolecules

-sugars

-lipids

-proteins

Sugars

-monosaccharides

-disaccharides

-polysaccharides

example of monosaccharides

glucose

galactose

fructose

disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together by

glycosidic linkage

glycosidic linkage

a covalent bond formed by dehydration rxn.

cite polysaccharides

-starch

-glycogen

-cellulose

-chatin

-Little to no branching, stored in plants, slower energy but lasts longer

-stores glucose

starch

structure

function

-a lot of branching

-faster energy

-stores glucose for energy

glycogen

-straight fiber

-structure of plant cell walls

cellulose

-animals and fungi

-strengthens cell wall

chatin

Fats are constructed by

glycerol and fatty acids

glycerol is a

an alcohol each of its 3 Cs has a hydroxyl group

3 types of lipids

-triglycerols

-phospholipids

-steroids

energy source

one glycerol and 3 fatty acids

triglycerols

bilayers of membrane

head of P with 2 fatty acids

phospholipids

-component of cell membranes,

-signal molecules that travel through body

-fused rings

steroids

saturated fats and why are they worse for you?

because its trans structure they pack together, they form a solid and clog arteries.

unsaturated fats

they don't pack together because of their cis-configuration

function of protein

-enzymatic

-defensive

-Storage of amino acids

-transport

-hormonal

-receptor: stimuli

-motor

-structural

Polypeptides are made out of

peptide bonds

peptide bonds

amino acids joined together. COOH group is adjacent to amino group

protein structure 1

-long chain of amino acids

protein structure 2

1. Interactions of nearby amino acids

2. a helix and B sheet

3. Stabilized through hydrogen bonding

protein structure 3

1.interactions between side chains

2. 3D shape of protein

protein structure 3 bonds

-disulfide bonds

-vandeer waals

-ionic and H bonding

protein structure 4

-many polypeptide chains together

Chaperonin

-helps protein shape into right shape (denaturation)

-slow folding

-hydrophobic environment when the protein goes in

two types of nucleic acids

RNA, DNA

Gene expression

DNA directs RNA synthesis and controls protein synthesis

Components of nucleic acids

-Nitrogenous base

-sugars

-phosphate group

Nitrogenous bases in nucleotide

- (C)ytosine

- (T)hymine---(DNA)

-(U)racil---- (RNA)

-(A)denine

-(G)uanine

Sugars (nucleotides)

-Deoxyribose

-Ribose

DIfference between Deoxyribose and Ribose

Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom

Thin section of specimen

Reveals internal structure

Cross sections

TEM

3D image of the surface of a specimen

SEM

SEM

TEM

Differences between Eukarytic and prokaryotic cells

eu: nucleus

pro: nucleoid

Nucleus size, structure, function

5micrometers, nuclear envelope double membrane, lamina

- information central : DNA

Chromatin:

complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

Ribosomes

-Protein factory

-No membrane

-can be floating, bound to ER or nucleus envelope

Endoplasmatic reticulum

smooth: -detox

-synthesis of lipids/ metabolism of carbs

-store calcium ions

rough: -make secretory proteins

- membrane factory of cell

Golgi apparatus

-Shipping and receiving

- proteins are modified and store and sent to other destinations

-makes macromolecules

secreation

explain the making of membrane proteins

nucleus->nuclear pore->RER (ribosome)->cis golgi->leave thru trans golgi->membrane

what happens to "waste proteins"

lysosomes "Eat them"

difference between lysosomes and peroxysomes

-digestion

lysosomes: has proteases that only works on low ph

peroxisomes: uses redox reactions

mitochondria

-own DNA

-Double membrane

-ribosomes (so that it can make their own proteins)

-function: celular respiration (makes ATP)

-electro chemical gradient

what happens when trying to make actin?

Detour from the nucleus to the cytoplasm into the free ribosome floating around.

3 types of cytoskeleton

-microtubules

-microfilaments

-intermidiate filaments

Function of microtubules

-motility

-mantains cell shape

-can both push and pull. but main function: push

-strength

-no flexibility

-cell division

microfilaments

-what are they made of?

-function

-what do they use?

-made out of actin

-muscle contraction!!!

-can push and pull

-uses ATP

what makes microtubules?

tubulin

true or false

microtubules start at centrosome

true

What are microfilaments made out of

2 strands of actin

microfilaments functions

-cell shape

-muscle contraction

-cytoplasmatic streaming

-cell motility

Intermidiate filaments

Made out of fibrous proteins

functions

-cell shape

-anchorage of nucleus

-formation of nuclear lamina

Motion of flagella and motion of cilia

microtubules

How are membranes held together

hydrophobic interactions

what makes membrane fluid

unsaturated (cis) fats

functions of cholesterol

-reduces membrane fluidity

-reduces phospholipid movement

-Hinders solidification (low temps)

Functions of lipids and proteins in the membrane

-Transport

-Enzymatic

-signaling

-cell-cell recognition

-intercellular joining

-attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

Pathway for making membrane

Nucleus->nucleus pore->RER (proteins and lipids syntehsized), glycogen is formed-> Cis golgi-> leaves thru trans golgi as glycolipids-> glycolipids are transported with vesicles ->membrane and release of secretory proteins

What is difussion?

-Movement of any particle into available space

-equilibrium

osmosis

difussion of free water across permeable membrane

Concentration gradient

the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

type of solution that makes the cells lyse, swell and burst... little to no water...

hypotonic solution

type of solution that doesn't change the cell.

Isotonic solution

makes the cell shrivel/ more water

hypertonic solution.

Passive transport divides in:

-Difussion

-Facilitated difussion

-Transport proteins, serve as pumps

- Move things against concentration

- Energy supplied by ATP

Active transport

Steps of active transport

1. Na+ binds to pump

2. phosphorylation by ATP

3.change in protein shape. Na+ released outside 4. K+ binds on the side. P leaves

5. since P leaves, K leaves

6. K leaves and Na+ is high again

types of signaling

1. Paracrine

2. synaptic

3. endocrine (hormones)

Paracrine signaling acts on

-nearby target cell (it's a local regulator)

Synaptic signaling happens when

A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into synapse..

Endocrine signaling

Hormones reach all body cells.

Stages of signaling

1. Reception

2. Transduction

3. Response

G- protein coupled steps

1. Ligand binds to receptor (change of shape)

2. inactive G-protein binds receptor and switches for GTP

3. GTP binds to it and activates it

4. Enzyme activates proteins

True or false

G protein works for unlimited time

False

intracellular receptor

steps

1. pass thru membrane

2. bind to receptor proteins

3. receptor binds to gene in nucleus

4. transcription into mRNA

5. Translation

Secondary messenger

-non protein h2o molecules

-initiated by both tyrosine kinase and g protein

-example: cyclic amp

-leads to cellular activity

Receptor tyrosine kinase steps

1. ligand binds TK and activates it

2. Dimer creation

3. each tk add a Phosphate from ATP in the tail of a monomer

4. binding to phosphorulated tyrosine/ structural change.

Ion channel receptors steps

1. Ligand binds to receptor

2. ions flow thru and change concentration of ions

3. ligand dissociated and gate closes.

outcome of glycolysis

2ATP, 2NADH, 2pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation outcome

Acetyl CoA

Krebs cycle net

2ATP

8NADH

6CO2

2 fadh2

Causes H to move outside of the mitochondrial matrix

stores energy as proton motor force

NADH is transformed into NADH+

ETC

H goes back into matrix

ATP synthase

adp->ATP

chemiosmosis

opening K+ channels in a resting neuron causes

hyperpolarization

hyperpolarization makes the inside of the membrane more...

negative

if a depolarization shifts the membrane potential sufficiently, the result of the massive change in membrane voltage is called

graded potential

Graded potential happens in the...

dendrites

action potential happens in...

the axon

What does action potential cause?

Na+ gates to open