general terms - BSCI135 exam 1

Hypothesis

a tentative assumption

Theory

a hypothesis that has survived many tests

Law

statement that describes a natural occurrence - based on lots of evidence

Stem

holds leaves, transports water and nutrients and provides support above ground

Leaf

site of photosynthesis (blade and petiole)

root

anchors plant to the soil, storage, absorbs water and minerals, branch, hairs, and cap

Mono

basic building block of all carbs (glucose)

di

2 monos together, sucrose

poly

complex carbs, hundreds/thousands of individual sugar units, starch

Proteins

large complex molecules that perform many functions in the body

Essential

9 amino acids that the body cannot make b/c they can't be stored in the body

Amino acids

smaller building blocks of protein

Fats

serve vital functions in the body, composed of CHO

Saturated

carbon atoms joined by a single bond, solid at room temp (butter, lard, beef fat)

Unsaturated

carbon acids are double bonds, liquid at room temp (oil)

Cholesterol

important to make cell membranes and hormones, steroids

A

important for vision, smooth skin, bone development; dark green, yellow and orange fruits/veggies, liver; lack of: dry skin, night blindness

B

help in food breakdown/release of energy;Sources: meat, fish, whole grains, seeds, nuts, legumes; Lack of: fatigue, weakness, depression, dermatitis

C

helps absorption of iron and synthesis of collagen in bones/teeth/cartilage;Sources: citrus fruit/other veggies; Lack of: scurvy

D

helps regulate calcium and phosphorous levels; Sources: egg, liver, cream, butter, synthesized under sun; Lack of: rickets - bone malformation

Minerals:

Iron

trace mineral, functions as a component of hemoglobin which carries oxygen; Sources: liver, shellfish, fish, poultry, dark leafy green veggies, dried fruits, legumes, whole grains, breads, cereals; lack of: anemia

Calcium

most abundant in the body, in bones in teeth;Sources: milk/dairy, dark green leaf veggies, seeds, nuts;Lack of: osteoporosis - bone fractures

Iodine

required for the formation of thyroid hormones;Sources: iodized salt ;Lack of: goiter - swelling of the thyroid gland

Food pyramid

red meat, butter, pasta, white bread, rice are at the top; dairy; poultry, eggs, fish, nuts, legumes; veggies/fruits; whole grain foods, plant oils

calculating calories

multiply grams of fat by 9 and protein/carbs by 4 to determine total cals

reading food labels

4 cals per 1 gram of protein/carbs

Cereals

edible grains of cultivated grasses - major suppliers of calories for human nutrition

Grasses

monocots - herbaceous whose seeds contain only one embryonic leaf, single most important food group

Perfect flowers (bisexual)

wheat or rice

Imperfect (unisexual) flowers

corn

Simple dry fruits

do not open at maturity

petiole

the stalk that attaches a leaf to the stem of a plant

polysaccharides are always carbs

true

17 different minerals are required for the body

true

dark bread isn’t always healthier

unless it’s 100% whole wheat

animal proteins complete - plant proteins often incomplete

true