AP US History Period 6: 1865 - 1949 The Challenges of the Era of Industrialization

President Chester Arthur

________ broke with Republican orthodoxy and lowered tariff rates.

Aka General Allotment Act

________- abandoned the reservation system and divided tribal lands into individually owned plots (severalty refers to lands that are owned by individuals)

Promontory Summit

The completion of the transcontinental railroad at ________, UT in 1869 was a milestone in connecting the country.

Pacific Railway Act

The ________ of 1862 caused land grants given by the government for new rail lines to be built to go straight to railroad corporations rather than to states.

JP Morgan

________, a financier, gained leverage through control of various industries, including several railroad companies, into dominance of the entire US economy Corporations Look Abroad.

Large corporations

________ developed management systems that separated top executives from managers.

Eugene V Debs

After the failure of the Pullman Strike, ________ became one of the founders of the Socialist Party of America in 1901.

Clashes

________ occurred in the 1880s- 90s between recently arriving settlers from older states and long- time Mexican and American Indian occupants of the land.

Homestead Act

The ________ and development of railroad lines brought a wave of settlers into the Great Plains region.

Civil service

________ is the workforce of government employees- attempted were made to remove nepotism from government hiring- hiring the most qualified people instead.

large quantities

During the late 1800s, industrial capitalism devised methods to distribute the ________ of good produced by growing factories.

1888

In ________, Benjamin Harrison signed into law the highest tariff in the nations history.

1890

In ________, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed to break up trusts, however, it failed to regulate manufacturing Debates Around Pursuing an Imperialist Policy.

Croquet

________: Popular activity in public parks in the late nineteenth century, often played by mixed gender groups.

Saloons

________ were often part social hall, part political club, and part community hub- a place for recreation.

Rockefeller

________ organized the most well known trust in the oil- processing industry: Standard Oil.

telegraph network

The ________ (developed before the Civil War) continued to spread throughout the Gilded Age.

NYC

________ was dominated by the Democratic Party machine, run by party "bosses "and headquartered at Tammany Hall- most notable was Tammany Chief William Marcy Tweed.

1869

In ________, President Ulysses S. Grant announced that the government would pursue a peace policy in regard to Indians with assimilation as its goal.

germ theory

As ________ developed, public parks were part of a strategy to provide an alternative to dirty streets and alleyways for healthful recreation.

Pennsylvania Railroad

The ________ incorporated in 1846 and many entities followed suit after the Civil War.

Congress

________ passed the Pendleton Act in 1883 to set up a merit- based federal civil service, a professional career service that allots government jobs on the basis of a competitive exam.

Addams

________ founded and ran Hull House in Chicago, and is considered one of the founders of the field of social work in the US Development of the Middle Class The Growth of the Urban Middle Class and the Expansion of Consumer Culture.

Vertical integration

________- all key aspects of the business are performed by the company itself.

Incorporation

________: the formation of individuals into an organized entity with legally defined privileges and responsibilities.

WY

Between 1866 and 1868, fighting occurred in the ________ and MO territories between US troops and the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho.

Period 6 -The Challenges of the Era of Industrialization Westward Expansion

Economic Development Mechanization and the Transformation of American Agriculture

Founded in 1867, it led the fight to pass laws that regulated railroad freight rates and made certain abusive corporate practices illegal

Granger Laws

Groups such as Las Gorras Blancas and Las Manos Negras led raids on settler land

cutting fences and burning property

175 million acres

generated huge profits for railroad companies, bringing in about $435 million

By the end of 1880, almost 50,000 telephones were in use in the United States Promoting Westward Expansion

Government Policies, Railroads, and Mining Operations

Most of the mining was done by large mining firms with expensive equipment → investors enjoying substantial profits, shares being traded on international markets, and wage workers replacing prospectors Westward Expansion

Social and Cultural Development Settling the West

White Californians pushed for laws to exclude them from mining

1852 Foreign Miners License Tax

Large ranchers began to enclose grazing areas with newly-invented barbed wire, and severe blizzards in the late 1880s decimated the cattle population of the Great Plains

after which cowboys were replaced by wage-earning hired hands, working under managers

Great Sioux War (1876)

Sioux warriors, along with Cheyenne allies, achieved a major victory over American forces at the Battle of Little Big Horn

By the 1880s, sympathizers of American Indians pushed for a change

Helen Hunt Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor (1882) which chronicled the abuses of the USFG against the natives

It was seen as the duty of white middle-class women to civilize people

these women were successful in lobbying for the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act

Aka General Allotment Act

abandoned the reservation system and divided tribal lands into individually owned plots (severalty refers to lands that are owned by individuals)

The goal was to make Indians assimilate into white culture

norms of white middle-class culture

Late 1870s

Bureau of Indian Affairs established a series of Indian boarding schools that were designed to assimilate Indian children by stripping them of their culture

1879)

students were forced to cut their hair, rid themselves of traditional clothing, practice christianity, trained in menial tasks -"Kill the Indian in him, save the man" American Indian Resistance

The last battle of the Indian Wars was at Wounded Knee Creek in SD (1890)

US troops attempted to peacefully disarm a group of Lakota Indians but soon opened fire on the Lakota men, women, and children (200+ people died) The "New South" The Limited Success of Calls for a "New South"

However, this promised remained hollow

blacks continued to toil in sharecropping systems (paying with a share of their yearly crop) or tenant farming (owned his own tools and rented the land at a fixed rate) Segregation in the "New South"

Although iron production grew and was used extensively in the railroads, steel -an alloy of iron

was found to be more durable, versatile, and useful than iron

Incorporation

the formation of individuals into an organized entity with legally defined privileges and responsibilities

Patterns of consumption began to change

many products, mostly clothing, went from home → commercial production

He also controlled the transportation lines

ships that transported iron and railroads that transported the coal to the factory

Vertical integration

all key aspects of the business are performed by the company itself

Horizontal integration

merging of companies that create the same or similar products

Rockefeller organized the most well known trust in the oil-processing industry

Standard Oil

Foreign trade was rapidly expanding in the Gilded Age

$400 million in the 1870s → $1.4 billion in 1900

The Pullman Strike

Strife in a Company Town (1893)

The town of Pullman was built by the company as a company town, providing decent housing but also control over its workers

eg

They came from southern and eastern Europe and Asia

labeled "new immigrants"

Saloons were often part social hall, part political club, and part community hub

a place for recreation

There formed Little Italy and Jewish neighborhoods

these ethnic enclaves provided grocery stores so that immigrants could purchase foods reminiscent of their countries of origin

Millions of immigrants worked for part of the year in the US and then spent the rest in their home country

called "birds of passage"

amusement park

Coney Island, "Buffalo Bill" Codys Wild West show, and P.T

Tennis

Lawn tennis was developed in Great Britain (1873) as mainly a womens sport, but gained popularity with both men and women in the Gilded Age

Croquet

Popular activity in public parks in the late nineteenth century, often played by mixed gender groups

Cycling

bicycles were popular especially among women who enjoyed the freedom from male supervision that bicycle riding offered

Football

college football became popular during the Gilded Age The Moral Obligations of the Wealthy Class

Cleveland ignored their please for government relief

there were other similar armies Gender, Voluntary Organizations, and Social Reform

Both were divided on the tariff

Democrats wanted lower tariff rates and Republicans wanted higher tariff rates

Both parties seemed to be aligned with the priorities of big business

taking bribes and favors

Democrats tended to support a lower tariff rate

their cotton and wheat sales benefited from increased international trade

Many historians cite the inadequate amount of currency in circulation as one of the underlying weaknesses in the economy

the money supply did not have the possibility to grow as the economy expanded Politics, Power, and Reform in Urban America

Politics came to be dominated by political machines

smooth running organizations whose purpose was to achieve and maintain political power, usually regardless of political ideology

NYC was dominated by the Democratic Party machine, run by party "bosses" and headquartered at Tammany Hall

most notable was Tammany Chief William Marcy Tweed

The Appropriateness of the Label

Robber Baron

The Populist Movement

Reasonable or Irrational