MCAT mnemonics, and prefixes

Increasing number of motor units= __ ca+ released by muscle cells as they __ Increase in CA2+ impacts muscle ability to relax, requiring mre reuptake of CA2+

Motor unit pool= number of motor units that muscle cell recruit for contractopn.

Increasing number of motor units= increases ca+ released by muscle cells as they contract. Increase in CA requires more reuptake of CA2+

oate suffix

ester

Reactivity of Corboxylic derivatives from highest to lowest is

acid halides> anhydrides> esters> amides

leo ger

Loss electron=oxidation Ger=Gain electron=reduction Electron accepters: have high electron affinity

Electrons travel from FAT CAT catabolism

E- (electrons) flow from anode to cathode, this means anodes= always oxidize cathode=always reduce

F=from A=anode t=to CAT=cathode

Anodes always.. Cathodes always...

anodes= always oxidize (anions love towards anodes) cathode=always reduce (cations move to cathodes

An Ox and Red Cat

Oxidation happens at anodes

Reduction happens at cathodes

*And anode is not always neg or pos, and same goes for cathode

Anions are migration towards the anode/cathode

Actions are migrating toward the cathode/anode

Anode, cathode

FLAT PEG which are tropic or non trophic? (trophic means vs non trophic means)

Follicle Stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, ACTH, TSH,

Non-trophic include Prolactin, Endorphins (Endogenous Opioids), Growth hormone (somatotropin). Trophic means (does not directly affect). Non trophic (directly affects)

Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) in men... in women... Q2. tropic or non trophic?

Stimulates sperm production in the testes and Promotes the development of healthy sperm; needed ovulation

ACTH tropic or non trophic?

Stimulates adrenal cortex

Thyroid-Stimulating hormone, TSH, tropic or non trophic?

Regulates or stimulates thyroid, (trophic)

Prolactin, Endorphins (Endogenous Opioids), Growth hormone (somatotropin) trophic or non tropic

Non trophic (directly affect) Involved in producing milk, and the other creates protein synthesis

Posterior pituitary: Releases

ADH (vasopressin) in= peptide hormone, and Oxytocin

Hypothalamus secretes

tropic hormones like GNRH, CRH, TRH, GHRH, (name of releasing hormone, and trophic hormes include name of target organ). Endocrine system: Hormones and their sources 18 min

Neck hormones

T3, T4

T3, AND T4,

can behave as steroids, and peptide hormones

Thyroid produces

calcitonin (decreases plasma calcium levels, by stimulating osteo blast cells which build bone)= causes calcium to be pulled from the blood stream, and deposited into the bones , __ (stimulate __ and inhibits __ activity

So if there was every hypocalcemia, __. would cause ___ to counter it

calcitonin (decreases plasma calcium levels, by stimulating osteo blast cells which build bone)= causes calcium to be pulled from the blood stream, and deposited into the bones , PTH parathyroidism(stimulate osteoclast, and inhibits osteoblast activity

So if there was every hypocalcemia, PTH would cause to counter it

Adrenal cortex, is on top of kidney, called a adrenal gland produces 3 major classes of hormones

Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoids, Sex hormones

Glucocoticoid

Regulates glucose

Steroid hormones

Happens in adrenal cortex. Example Cortisol and Cortisone

Mineralocorticoids

Promotes sodium reabsorption in kidneys

Sex hormones

Example androgens, and Estrogens (are steroid)

Adrenal Medulla produce

Epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Pancreas, has 3 types of cells release endocrine hormones. Alpha cell secrete, Beta cell secrete , and Delta cells secrete

Alpha Cell secretes glucagon , Beta Cell secretes Insulin, Delta cell secrete somatostatin (Hormones are in alphabetical order).

Glucagon unlike insulin which reduces blood glucose levels

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels

Somatostatin

an enzyme that inhibits effects of growth hormone , slows down digestive tract

3 facts about gonad hormones 1. all sex hormones produced in the gonads... 2. All 3 major sex hormones have powerful effect throughout the body

1. All sex hormones produced in the gonads are sex hormones All 3 major sex hormones have powerful effect throughout the body 3. Regardless of gender, all need 3 hormones

Negative feed back: Inhibits its own production

Inhibits its own production to mantain homeostasis

P?

P=F/A (force/acceleration)

1 mPA=?

1 mPA=? 10^6

Force equal

F=mg (g=10 ms^2), relates buoyont force is equal and opposite to the force of gravity on that object

THZ units

10^12

Diverging system SUV

Smaller, Upright, Virtual

Sir Birbuv for coverging system

OH NH, and C=O bonds in cm^-1?

A spin state is lower or higher in energy?

Lower energy

B-spin state is lower or higher is energy?

Higher Energy

Just memorize 2 in relation to equation: F'=f(v +or -)/ (V + or _ Vs).

*Detector moving towards S= Add

*S moving toward D= Subtract

The other two are opposite:

*Detector moving away from S= Subtract

*Source moving away from detector=Add

. Identify source and detector for every problem

Visible spectrum is between what two numbers, what are the units?

400-750 nm

Focal length

Largest Refractive index

Larger Angle

(avogadros number NA)

6.02 *10^23 atoms in one mole

Molar mass in grams or moles, so to go from moles to grams, moletiply by molar mass which is in grams

Grams

Alpha decay atomic number is lowered or higher than the starting element. Atomic mass is lowered or higher by what number?

Atomic number is lowered than the starting element. Atomic mass is lowered by what number? 4

Spectroscopy

OCEAN acronym

Epinephrine vs norepinephrine

Diverging is always

Converging is always in relation of object distance and focal length?

The more deshielding

Periodic trends

Pos Q means

Pos W

Neg Q

Morality units be molarity units

Think molAl and liter molar and kilogrAM

The range of visible spectrum is

Brownsted Lowry Definition

My baby grows

3 germ layers made up of

Ectoderm, mesodermal, endoderm

Neg W

Ectoderm

Form skin, ns, hair, nails

Mesoderm

Connective tissue, trunk muscles, cartilage, axial skeletal, circulatory system

Endoderm

Gastro, Urinary, Respiratory system

Constitutional isomers

Differ in the bonding and connectivity

If h is dashed or wedge do you change the confirmation? from r to s, or s to r depends on what it was

Conformational isomer

Differ in the bonding and connectivity of atoms within a compound

Conformational isomers

A type of stereoisomer that results from differences in three-dimensional structure due to rotation about a σ bond

Configuration isomers are separated into Enantiomers And Diastereomers. In Enantiomers?

2 molecules where all chiral carbons have opposite orientation

Configuration isomers are separated into Enantiomers And Diastereomers. Meaning of Diastereomers?

Everything other than Enantiomers. Has at least two chiral centers. 2 molecules where some but no all chiral carbons have opposite orientation.

Finish the statement The large the ___ the small the —- and the stronger the acid keyword KA, and Pka

A larger Ka means the acid ionizes to a larger extent, and a lower pKa means the acid is stronger

CAN I KEEP SELLING SEASHELL FOR MONEY OFFICER

intermediates

Stop codons

NLS is like a

*If affected it would

is then bouncer, allows mRNA get in the nucleus to (is translated in the mRNA)

New concept: NLS allows mRNA after transcribed to enter back to nucleus (and gets translated there)

*less protein in nucleus only

Stop codon stop translation of transcription

Stop translation

Snow drop

CA makes, *irreversible steps

two carbon dioxide molecules, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and one GTP/ATP molecule

*citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Glycolysis makes, does it make oxygen?

2 pyruvate, 2ATP, 2 NADH, no glycolysis make oxyen

Glycolysis irreversible steps

The first, third and tenth steps of glycolysis are irreversible. These steps are catalyzed by the enzymes hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase, respectively.

Pentose phosphate makes

ribose-5-phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH

If Q is less than KEQ then the

forward reaction will happen

If Q is greater than KEQ the

reverse reaction will happen

Pos G Keq>1 is reaction going forward or reverse

Forward because Keq > 1 and Pos G is endothermic (makes sense you need ATP to drive reaction forward

Neg G Keq<1 and Neg G reaction goes reverse or forward

Reverse (Keq<1) favors reactants and Neg exothermic (no energy needed)

+G means, its inverse to

ATP to drive reaction forward, Keq

-G means, its inverse to

exothermic (no energy needed)

Galvanic battery E>0 means

G<0

Electrolytic battery E<0 means

G>0

Difference between galvanic

and electrolytic

In Galvanic cathoss is positive and electrons are moving from anode to cathode (easy) (spontanoues G<0) in Electrolytic electrons moving from anodes to cathodes but the anode is neg, so we are moving these electrons towards the xafhose (which I neg) (neg is repulsed my neg) so this reaction non sponteanous! G>0

Galvanic the cathode is + or -

Anode= +

Cathode = -

Electrolytic anode is + or - and the cathode is the other charge

Anode= +

Cathode= -

Difference between galvanic and Electrolytic

Twinkle twinkle little star v=

IR Ohms Law

Catalyst are the same as enzymes. Evaluate statement An enzyme/ catalyst does not chemically reactant during the course of the reaction. True or false

False it does react with the catalyst

Allosteric site and Active site

place a regulator chemical can come in ex like an inhibitor. Active side where substrate and enzyme bind together

ADP is normally a neg charges or positive charge molecule?

Negatively charged

CO factors are typically. Con enzymes

Irorganic Ex. Zinc, copper ion Ex mg2+. Co enzymes are are organic ex vitamins substrate fun fact get turned to products

LIT HOT TYPES OF ENZYMES

Ligase, Isomerase, Lyase, Hydrolase, Oxidoreductase, Transferase

Ligase

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment

Isomerase

rearranges bonds within a molecule to form an isomer

Lyase

Break compounds apart, water is not involved

Hydrolases

Breaks compounds but uses water