E2: The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Filipino Nationalism

The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Filipino Nationalism

Title of article E2

Economic growth

E2

___ took place after 1830, in which exports brought more profit and wealth to the Filipino middle and upper class as well as Western merchants.

agricultural products

E2

Philippine exports were mostly ___. Therefore, the hacenderos and the inquilinos profited the most.

raise rent prices

E2

Rising prosperity led friars who were hacenderos to ___, which caused tension with them and the inquilinos and kasamas. This challenged the superiority and rights of friars and would give way to the start of thoughts in nationalism.

Suez Canal

E2

After the opening of the ___, the Spanish ruling class all took bureaucratic jobs away from Filipinos, then proceeded not to serve the filipinos for their own gain.

modernization

E2

Corruption along with the antiquated system of taxation prevented __.

guardia civil

E2

The ___ became an oppressive force rather than protecting the people.

tariffs

E2

Highly protected ___ forced Filipinos to buy only from Spain.

rapid spread of education

E2

The emergence of nationalism was due to the ___.

Jesuits

The return of the ___ was a major influence in educational developments.

human dignity, justice, and equality

The Jesuits didn’t teach nationalism, but their humanistic education made them develop a passion for ___.

Jose Burgos

___ emphasized education of Filipino heritage. With this influence, Rizal was inspired by German historiography and started to take interest in the Filipino past.

Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

Rizal’s ___ highlighted his foundation on nationalism in the historical past.

Gov. Valeriano Weyler

Religion can and should be a means of government, stated by ___ in 1891.

Rafael Izquierdo

This Gov., succeeded de la Torre and preceded Weyler, said in 1872 that religious orders are flawed but they are a good political tool to preserve power because they are loyal to Spain and they have great influence on the natives. He only wanted liberties for Spain, not for this colonies. He even suspended liberties given by de la Torre.

Calamba hacienda

Rizal’s ___ dispute with the Dominicans reflected the bigger fight for Filipinos being equal to the Spaniards, even if they were friars.

Catholic practice

The Ilustrados saw ___ as incompatible with modern ideas (Rizal mentions this idea through Elias in Noli Me Tangere).

Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Sta. Justa

The permanent prejudice against Filipino clergy started with ___, who rushed the creation of the Filipino clergy in sacrifice of quality.

Cavite mutiny

The ___ happpened because of workers’ grievances against abolition of worker liberties. GomBurZa was then framed for the incident which sparked more nationalist ideals.

hacenderos

landowners, most of which were friars

inquilinos

tenants that rented lands from the hacenderos

kasamas

those who worked on the land rented by inquilinos

Jesuits

a Catholic religious order that returned in 1859 to take charge of the evangelization of Mindanao after being exiled in 1768 from the Spanish empire

Paradox of Filipino Catholicism, Father Herrero

The case of the Filipinos continuing to look up to the friars despite their abuses. An example is by a Dominican parish priest in Orion, Bataan (___), who surrendered and wasn’t hurt because he was a priest.

criollos

Spaniards born in the Philippines. They are often liberal reformists who just wanter to enjoy the liberties of Spain in the Philippines.

reformists

wanted changes in the system, they wanted reforms

liberals

wanted liberties (freedom of speech, religion, association, etc.)

anticlericals

opposed the ecclesiastical power used to suppress liberal progress

modernists

are primarily into an economic goal with no desire to create a new nation

nationalists

those who fought for the Filipino identity and independence

after 1830

the start of economic growth in the Philippines

1869

year of the opening of the Suez Canal that brought more Spaniards to the Philippines

1859

year of the return of Jesuits and renaming of the municipal primary school as the Ateneo Municipal

1865

year when Ateneo Municipal became a secondary school.

Escuela Normal de Maestros

___ was established to provide Spanish-speaking teachers for the primary school system.

Domingo Lam-co

Rizal’s Chinese ancestor who was an inquilino; his rented land (which became the Calamba hacienda) was inherited by Rizal’s father where the land went from an average of 2.9 hectares in the 1850s to 390 hectares in the 1890s. This was a reflection to the economic developments of the times.

Paciano Rizal

___ wrote to Jose Rizal who was in Europe during the height of the Calamba hacienda dispute.

Pedro Pelaez

___ was a teacher of Fr. Jose Burgos who attempted to disprove Filipino clergy prejudices only to be accused of being a subversive in his death.

Gov. Carlos Ma. de la Torre

___ arrived in Manila in 1896 and was the leader of the Revolution of Spain in 1868. He is the hope of liberal reformists. Despite his liberalism, he was suspicious of the liberal reformists and Filipino clergy and put them under secret police surveillance.