Topic 2 - Genes and health

what is ficks law

what are the 2 types of epithelial cells and where are they in the body

pavement- alveoli and capillary lining

Cilated- tranchea and bronchi lining

What is cilia and what does it do to mucus

Cilia is a hair like structure which moves mucus (produced by the globlet cells ) up and out of the lungs

What do goblet cells do ?

Produces mucus which traps pathogens. This protects the epithelial layer

How are lungs adapted for gas exchange?

Large surface area from alveoli

Large concentration gradient from the greater level of oxygen in the lungs to the blood in the capillaries

Thin exchange surface from alveoli through blood capillary ( 2 cells thick)

hat if the structure of a protein and its 3 groups?

what are amino acids linked by?

peptide bonds from condensation reactions

define a primary structure

sequence if amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

define tertiary structure and lost its bonds

further folding of a polypeptide chain into a 3D globular shape

bonds: hydrogen, covalent, ionic, disolphite

define quaternary structures

more than one polypeptide chain joined together

define secondary structure

sequence of amino acids joins by hydrogen bonds

give some features of a globular structure and an example

soluable, ball structure, metabolic, active site, e.g. haemoglobin/enzyme

give some features of a fibrous protein and some examples

insoluable, thin strands, tough, no active site, e.g. collagen

describe the structure of a phospholipid

whats in the fluid mosaic model

cholesterol, makes it more fluid, glycolipds, glycoprotein, channel protein

What js endocytosis?

it takes substances into cell and requires energy.

name all types of transportation in the cell membrane

Diffusion, facilated diffusion ( proteins involved ), Active transport, osmosis, endocytosis, exocytosis.

What makes Active transport difference from osmosis and diffusion?

Requires energy ATP and its active

What are the features of induced fit hypothesis

Enzyme molecule changes shape slightly at the active site to fit the substrate

Only works for specific shaped substrates

What are the features of the lock and key hypothesis

enzyme remains unchanged

reduces activtiin energy if an enzyme

What is transcription?

Dna unwinds from dna helicase, complimentary bases come in. RNA polymerase forms bonds between coding strand and mRNA and then mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores and the dna and hydrogen bonds are reformed between the dna

Describe Translation

mRNA moves into cytoplasm and attaches to the starting codon of the ribosome. tRNA anticodon reads each triplet code on mRNA. A second tRNA carrying the next amino acid comes in and forms hydrogen bonds with the mRNA and peptide bonds with the other tRNA amino acid. the first trna then detaches and leaves the amino acid and the ribosome continues along thr chain of mRNA where tRNA continues to bring in amino acids forming a amino acid chain which creates a protein.

What does a CFTR Protein do?