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stress moderators
internal and external resources and vulnerabilities that modify how stress is experienced and its effects
coping
the process of trying to manage demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding one’s resources; dynamic and broad transactional relationship between a person and their environment
negative affectivity
pervasive negative mood, including anxiety, depression, and hostility
higher risk of alcohol dependence, engagement in poor health behaviour, elevated cortisol, false impression of poor health
4 effects of negative affectivity
internal, stable, global
pessimists explain negative events due to __________, __________, and __________ factors
external, unstable, specific
pessimists explain positive events due to __________, __________, and __________ factors
increased risk of CHD, reduced immunocompetence, lower SES
pessimism is associated with __________, __________, and __________
socially prescribed, self-oriented
two types of perfectionism
chronic fatigue syndrome
perfectionism can cause __________
avoidant
perfectionists often engage in __________ coping strategies
80-95%
percentage of students who procrastinate sometimes
50%
percentage of students who procrastinate consistently
avoidant behavioural style
main characteristic of procrastination
dispositional optimism
a general expectancy that good things will happen in the future
self-compassion
treating oneself with kindness, feeling connected with humanity, being mindful of distressing experiences
emotional resilience, reduced stress, positive coping and health behaviours
self-compassion is linked to __________, __________, and __________
self-compassion
coping resource that can be learned
gratitude
orientation towards noticing and appreciating the positive in life
better sleep quality, lower stress levels
gratitude is linked to __________ and __________
the belief that one can determine one’s own behaviour, influence one’s environment, and/or bring about a desired outcome
psychological control
psychological control is more general
what is the difference between psychological control and self-efficacy?
avoidant style
coping style that is effective with short-term threats but has an insufficient emotional and cognitive effort to deal with long-term stressors
approach style
coping style involving engagement in cognitive/emotional effort to deal with long-term threats; can result in short-term anxiety or reactivity
problem-focused
coping style involving an attempt to do something constructive about the stressful conditions that are harmful, threatening, or challenging
childhood
when does a problem-focused coping style emerge?
problems with a clear solution
problem-focused coping is effective for __________
emotion-focused
coping style involving an attempt to regulate emotions experienced because of a stressful event; can involve ruminating or emotional approach coping
late childhood/early adolescence
when does emotion-focused coping emerge?
emotional approach coping
form of coping that involves clarifying emotions, accepting them, and working through them
relationship-focused
coping style that emphasized the importance of interpersonal processes involved in dealing with stress
dyadic coping
interplay of stress experienced by one partner and the coping reactions of the other
resilence
how we bounce back from negative emotional experiences and adapt flexibly to stress
capitalization
sharing positive life experiences with others
reduce harmful conditions, adjust to negative events, maintain positive self-image, maintain emotional equilibrium, continue satisfying relationships
five tasks of coping efforts
physiological functioning, return to pre-stress activities, reduction in psychological distress
three coping outcomes
social support
information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed, and valued; part of a network of communication and mutual obligations
tangible support
provision of material support; e.g. financial assistance, goods & services
informational support
provision of information (e.g. advice, guidance, feedback) from people in one’s social network
emotional support
indications from other people that one is loved, valued, and cared for, encouraging expression of feelings
invisible support
when one receives help from others but is unaware of it
explicit social support
social support focused on a specific problem or meant for a specific purpose
implicit social support
social support originating from social networks and not targeting a specific problem
decreases cortisol, lowers heart rate and blood pressure
effects of social support from pets, namely interacting with dogs
increases oxytocin, decreases cortisol, lowers heart rate and blood pressure
physiological response to social support
direct effect hypothesis
theory that social support is beneficial during both stressful times and non-stressful times
buffering hypothesis
theory that the benefits of social support mostly exist during high-stress times
both
does the direct effect hypothesis or the buffering hypothesis have empirical evidence?
wareham et al
who studied how social support moderates depression in 2007?
tangible support
what is generally the most effective type of social support for men?
matching hypothesis
matching one’s needs to overcome stress with what one receives from others in their social network
38%, 6%
in 1941, __________ of households had 5+ people, and __________ had one person
27%, 8%
in 2006, __________ of households were one person, and __________ of households had 5+ people
seniors
demographic particularly at risk of isolation
mindfulness, disclosure, medicine wheel
three types of coping interventions
mindfulness-based stress reduction
training in meditation to assist in self-regulating reactions to stress and any negative emotions resulting from stress (e.g. relaxation tools, yoga, meditation)
procrastinators
group that can benefit from mindfulness-based stress reduction techniques but is least likely to engage
disclosure
communicating feelings to another person; helps by providing informational/emotional support, positive reinforcement; reduces festering/obsessive thoughts
medicine wheel
system of health and wellness in indigenous cultures; interventions focus on building resilience to cope with stressors
physical, mental, spiritual, emotional
four types of wellbeing encompassed in the medicine wheel
33 billion
cost of stress in the workplace per year in canada
20%
percentage of a company’s revenue typically allocated toward stress-related problems
presenteeism
showing up to work in body but not in spirit due to stress
identify sources, develop coping skills, practice coping and monitor results
three stages of stress management programs
