moderators of the stress experience (7)

stress moderators

internal and external resources and vulnerabilities that modify how stress is experienced and its effects

coping

the process of trying to manage demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding one’s resources; dynamic and broad transactional relationship between a person and their environment

negative affectivity

pervasive negative mood, including anxiety, depression, and hostility

alcohol dependence, poor health behaviour, cortisol, poor health

4 effects of negative affectivity: higher risk of __________, engagement in __________, elevated __________, false impressions of __________

internal, stable, global

pessimists explain negative events due to __________, __________, and __________ factors

external, unstable, specific

pessimists explain positive events due to __________, __________, and __________ factors

increased risk of CHD, reduced immunocompetence, lower SES

pessimism is associated with __________, __________, and __________

socially prescribed, self-oriented

two types of perfectionism

chronic fatigue syndrome

perfectionism can cause __________

avoidant

perfectionists often engage in __________ coping strategies

80-95%

percentage of students who procrastinate sometimes

50%

percentage of students who procrastinate consistently

avoidant behavioural style

main characteristic of procrastination

dispositional optimism

a general expectancy that good things will happen in the future

self-compassion

treating oneself with kindness, feeling connected with humanity, being mindful of distressing experiences

emotional resilience, stress, coping and health behaviours

self-compassion is linked to __________, reduced __________, and positive __________

self-compassion

coping resource that can be learned

gratitude

orientation towards noticing and appreciating the positive in life

better sleep quality, lower stress levels

gratitude is linked to __________ and __________

psychological control

the belief that one can determine one’s own behaviour, influence one’s environment, and/or bring about a desired outcome

psychological control is more general

what is the difference between psychological control and self-efficacy?

avoidant style

coping style that is effective with short-term threats but has an insufficient emotional and cognitive effort to deal with long-term stressors

approach style

coping style involving engagement in cognitive/emotional effort to deal with long-term threats; can result in short-term anxiety or reactivity

problem-focused

coping style involving an attempt to do something constructive about the stressful conditions that are harmful, threatening, or challenging

childhood

when does a problem-focused coping style emerge?

problems with a clear solution

problem-focused coping is effective for __________

emotion-focused

coping style involving an attempt to regulate emotions experienced because of a stressful event; can involve ruminating or emotional approach coping

late childhood/early adolescence

when does emotion-focused coping emerge?

emotional approach coping

form of coping that involves clarifying emotions, accepting them, and working through them

relationship-focused

coping style that emphasized the importance of interpersonal processes involved in dealing with stress

dyadic coping

interplay of stress experienced by one partner and the coping reactions of the other

resilience

how we bounce back from negative emotional experiences and adapt flexibly to stress

capitalization

sharing positive life experiences with others

harmful conditions, negative events, positive self-image, emotional equilibrium, satisfying relationships

five tasks of coping efforts: reduce __________, adjust to __________, maintain __________, maintain __________, continue __________

physiological, pre-stress activities, psychological distress

three coping outcomes: __________ functioning, return to __________, reduction in __________

social support

information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed, and valued; part of a network of communication and mutual obligations

tangible support

provision of material support; e.g. financial assistance, goods & services

informational support

provision of information (e.g. advice, guidance, feedback) from people in one’s social network

emotional support

indications from other people that one is loved, valued, and cared for, encouraging expression of feelings

invisible support

when one receives help from others but is unaware of it

explicit social support

social support focused on a specific problem or meant for a specific purpose

implicit social support

social support originating from social networks and not targeting a specific problem

cortisol, heart rate, blood pressure

effects of social support from pets, namely interacting with dogs: decreased __________, lowered __________ and __________

oxytocin, cortisol, heart rate, blood pressure

physiological response to social support: increased ___________, decreased __________, lowered __________ and __________

direct effect hypothesis

theory that social support is beneficial during both stressful times and non-stressful times

buffering hypothesis

theory that the benefits of social support mostly exist during high-stress times

both

does the direct effect hypothesis or the buffering hypothesis have empirical evidence?

wareham et al

who studied how social support moderates depression in 2007?

tangible support

what is generally the most effective type of social support for men?

matching hypothesis

matching one’s needs to overcome stress with what one receives from others in their social network

38%, 6%

in 1941, __________ of households had 5+ people, and __________ had one person

27%, 8%

in 2006, __________ of households were one person, and __________ of households had 5+ people

seniors

demographic particularly at risk of isolation

mindfulness, disclosure, medicine wheel

three types of coping interventions

mindfulness-based stress reduction

training in meditation to assist in self-regulating reactions to stress and any negative emotions resulting from stress (e.g. relaxation tools, yoga, meditation)

procrastinators

group that can benefit from mindfulness-based stress reduction techniques but is least likely to engage

disclosure

communicating feelings to another person; helps by providing informational/emotional support, positive reinforcement; reduces festering/obsessive thoughts

medicine wheel

system of health and wellness in indigenous cultures; interventions focus on building resilience to cope with stressors

physical, mental, spiritual, emotional

four types of wellbeing encompassed in the medicine wheel

33 billion

cost of stress in the workplace per year in canada

20%

percentage of a company’s revenue typically allocated toward stress-related problems

presenteeism

showing up to work in body but not in spirit due to stress

sources, coping skills, coping, monitor results

three stages of stress management programs: identify __________, develop __________, practice __________ and __________