Astrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Structure of Erythrocytes

biconcave Disk, lack of nucleus, plasma membrane, contains antigens, hemoglobin

selectively permeable

what kind of membrane does erythrocytes have?

proteins and helps determine blood type

antigens contains what?

hemoglobin

red pigment that gives blood its color. Attracts oxygen and carries oxygen.

Heme (4) and Globin (1)

Hemoglobin consists of……

an iron containing pigment that attracts o2

what Heme (4) means

Functions of Erythrocytes

transports O2 and CO2 in the blood by hemoglobin

Lungs (inhale)→ RBC’s→ Organs→ Lungs (exhale)

process of transportation of RBC

lungs

RBC pass through _____ when inhaling

1, 4

Each of the 4 Heme molecules combine with ____ o2 molecules causing each hemoglobin to have ____ oxygen molecules.

transported

O2 is ______ to tissues of the body

interstitial fluid

O2 diffuses into _____

co2

As RBC return, the globin portion combines with a molecule of ____ from interstitial fluid.

plasma

Most CO2 is transported in the _____

120 days

lifespan of erythrocytes

phagocytosis

worn out plasma membranes are removed from circulation by____

hemosiderin, bilirubin, globin

Hemoglobin is broken down into 3 things:

hemosiderin iron-containing pigment

gets stored or used in bone marrow to produce new hemoglobin in new RBCs

Bilirubin-Non-Iron containing pigment

goes to liver then secreted into bile

Globin

broken down into amino acids and used for protein synthesis

5.4 million RBCs/mm³

number of erythrocytes in males

4.8 million RBCs /mm³

number of erythrocytes in females

They have a faster metabolism, therefore more chemical reactions are taking places meaning they need more oxygen.

why do males have more RBCs than women?

2 million RBC/sec

to maintain normal quantities of RBCs the body must produce new cells at a rate of ________

Red Bone Marrow

Erythrocytes get produced in what?

cranium, ribs, sternum, body of vertebrae, proximal ends of humerus and femur

examples of spongy bone (where RBCs are produced)

erythrocpoiesis

process by which erythrocytes are formed

Red Bone Marrow

Erythropoiesis occurs in what?

begins in the yolk sac, then the spleen and liver, and then at 5 months it occurs in bone marrow.

where does erythropoiesis occurs in a fetus?

red blood cell production does not equal red blood cell destruction

homeostatic mechanisms

happens when RBC productions and RBC destruction are not keeping up at the same pace.

when does homeostatic mechanisms kick in?

certain kidney cells become oxygen-defiecent, that causes them to release an enzyme: Renal Erythropoietic Factor

first thing that happens for homeostatic mechanism

Renal Erythropoietic Factor

What is the enzyme called in homeostatic mechanism

Renal Erythropoietic Factor converts proteins into a hormone erythropoietin.

second thing that happens for homeostatic mechanism

Erythropoietin

Renal Erythropoietic Factor changes proteins into what hormone?

erythropoietin circulates through the blood to red bone marrow

third thing that happens for homeostatic mechanism

once erythropoietin gets to the red bone marrow it stimulates more RBCs to develop aka erythropoiesis

the liver and other body tissues

Erythropoietin is also produced by what?

negative feedback loop

homeostatic mechanism is what find of feedback?

Hypoxia

cellular O2 deficiency

Cyanosis

condition resulting from prolonged hypoxia

nails and mucous membranes

Cyanosis is characterized by a bluish- purple skin coloration especially in _____ and ____ _____

anemia

the number of functional RBCs or their hemoglobin content is below normal

lack of iron, lack of certain amino acids, and lack of vitamin B12

What causes anemia

Intrinsic Factor

Vitamin B12 is obtained from meat but cannot be absorbed by the lining of small intestine without the help of the _____

Cells of the stomach

Intrinsic Factor is produced by what?

facilitates in absorption of B12

what does the intrinsic factor do

absorption; small intestine

Once intrinsic factor combines with vitamin B12 it helps with the ______ in the ______ _______

EPO

the synthetic hormone is injected into the body to create new RBCs

Blood Transfusion

blood is removed prior to an event, it is refrigerated and reinfused shortly before a race

hematocrit

HCT- test to determine the percentage of blood that is made up of RBCs

centrifuging

how is hematocrit done?

Polycythemic

means to high of count.

40-54%

males have a percentage of ____ for hematocrit

38-47%

females have a percentage of ____ for hematocrit

15 %

anemic blood has a percentage of ____ for hematocrit

65%

polycythemic have a percentage of ____ for hematocrit