By law, certain _________ diseases must be recorded with the public health authorities in order to maintain proper surveillance at the local, state, national, and international levels.
reportable
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2
The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _______ rate.
morbidity
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3
Resident biota are found in/on the ________.
All of the choices are correct.
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4
Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs resulting from a specific disease are called _______.
sequelae
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5
The effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called _______.
microbial antagonism
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6
The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is _______.
epidemiology
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7
Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called _______.
asymptomatic
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8
A _______ is an infection indigenous to animals that can, on occasion, be transmitted to humans.
zoonosis
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9
Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a _______.
carrier
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10
The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the _______.
reservoir
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11
Infection occurs when _______.
pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues
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12
The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the _______.
infectious dose
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13
The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _______ rate.
mortality
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14
An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called _______.
endogenous
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15
_______ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.
Endotoxins
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16
The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the ________.
incidence rate
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17
Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?
Phagocytosis
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18
Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of _______.
inflammation
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19
The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _______.
respiratory system
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20
The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the _______.
incubation period
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21
Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?
Interferon
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22
Inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial molecules are considered innate because ________.
they are not antigen-specific; they contribute to host defenses regardless of the source of activation
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23
Components of the first line of defense include all the following except ________.
phagocytic white blood cells
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24
Plasma cells ________.
produce and secrete antibodies
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25
Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?
Lymphocytes
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26
What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?
Lymph nodes
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27
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.
respiratory tract
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28
A person will typically experience the sensation of _______ when fever is starting to occur in the body.
chills
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29
Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.
Phagocytes move in response to chemicals from the site of injury or inflammation
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30
Fever is initiated when a substance in circulation, called a(n) _________, acts on the hypothalamus causing it to reset body temperature to a higher setting.
pyrogen
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31
The term ______ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.
antigen
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32
What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?
PAMPs
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33
The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.
basophils
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34
Choose the statement that best describes the characteristics of lymph.
It is formed by fluid that leaves circulation into the surrounding extracellular spaces
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35
What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?
Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
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36
The human microbiome is considered an important component of the first line of defense. Which statement adequately reflects its role as a defensive barrier?
The human microbiota competes with pathogens for space and nutrients limiting their ability to cause infection, and trains the immune system to recognize antigens.
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37
Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?
Spleen
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38
Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all ________.
vasoactive mediators
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39
A properly functioning immune system is responsible for ________.
All of the choices are correct.
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40
The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.
neutrophils
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41
Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?
Thymus
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42
Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________.
allergens
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43
An example of artificial active immunity would be ________.
chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
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44
Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity?
Neutralization
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45
Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?
Agglutination
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46
The benefit of adaptive immunity is the production of _______ that provide long-lasting protection.
memory cells
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47
The major histocompatibility complex is ________.
a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins
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48
Adaptive immunity involves the response of ________.
B and T lymphocytes
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49
Choose the statement that describes the method of Tc cell-mediated killing of a target cell.
Apoptosis
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50
Choose the statement that best describes the primary action of B cells.
B cells divide and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody and memory cells.
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51
The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.
cytotoxic T cells
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52
An example of natural active immunity would be ________.
chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity
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53
Helper T cells ________.
activate B cells and other T cells
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54
The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________.
plasma cells
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55
Plasma cells ________.
secrete antibodies
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56
Superantigens are ________.
bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
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