Microbiology- Exam 2

By law, certain _________ diseases must be recorded with the public health authorities in order to maintain proper surveillance at the local, state, national, and international levels.

reportable

The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _______ rate.

morbidity

Resident biota are found in/on the ________.

All of the choices are correct.

Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs resulting from a specific disease are called _______.

sequelae

The effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called _______.

microbial antagonism

The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is _______.

epidemiology

Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called _______.

asymptomatic

A _______ is an infection indigenous to animals that can, on occasion, be transmitted to humans.

zoonosis

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a _______.

carrier

The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the _______.

reservoir

Infection occurs when _______.

pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues

The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the _______.

infectious dose

The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _______ rate.

mortality

An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called _______.

endogenous

_______ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

Endotoxins

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the ________.

incidence rate

Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?

Phagocytosis

Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of _______.

inflammation

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _______.

respiratory system

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the _______.

incubation period

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

Interferon

Inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial molecules are considered innate because ________.

they are not antigen-specific; they contribute to host defenses regardless of the source of activation

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except ________.

phagocytic white blood cells

Plasma cells ________.

produce and secrete antibodies

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

Lymphocytes

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

Lymph nodes

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.

respiratory tract

A person will typically experience the sensation of _______ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

chills

Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.

Phagocytes move in response to chemicals from the site of injury or inflammation

Fever is initiated when a substance in circulation, called a(n) _________, acts on the hypothalamus causing it to reset body temperature to a higher setting.

pyrogen

The term ______ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

antigen

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

PAMPs

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.

basophils

Choose the statement that best describes the characteristics of lymph.

It is formed by fluid that leaves circulation into the surrounding extracellular spaces

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators

The human microbiome is considered an important component of the first line of defense. Which statement adequately reflects its role as a defensive barrier?

The human microbiota competes with pathogens for space and nutrients limiting their ability to cause infection, and trains the immune system to recognize antigens.

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

Spleen

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all ________.

vasoactive mediators

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for ________.

All of the choices are correct.

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.

neutrophils

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?

Thymus

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________.

allergens

An example of artificial active immunity would be ________.

chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity?

Neutralization

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

Agglutination

The benefit of adaptive immunity is the production of _______ that provide long-lasting protection.

memory cells

The major histocompatibility complex is ________.

a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins

Adaptive immunity involves the response of ________.

B and T lymphocytes

Choose the statement that describes the method of Tc cell-mediated killing of a target cell.

Apoptosis

Choose the statement that best describes the primary action of B cells.

B cells divide and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody and memory cells.

The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.

cytotoxic T cells

An example of natural active immunity would be ________.

chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity

Helper T cells ________.

activate B cells and other T cells

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________.

plasma cells

Plasma cells ________.

secrete antibodies

Superantigens are ________.

bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens