Exam revision 1 - Humanities

The massacres

The argument over who owned what led to the frontier wars, which lasted from 1788 to the 1930s. These wars also led to attacks where mass murder occurred.

White Australia Policy

An attempt to keep all non - Europeans out of the country. However, the multicultural people already in the country served a particular purpose.

M

Militarism - the policy of a country developing powerful weapons and military forces - for defence or attack

A

Alliances - Agreements between two or more countries

Triple Alliance

Austria - Hungary

Germany

Italy

Triple Entente

France

Britain

Russia

I

Imperialism - The policy of a country expanding it’s empire

N

Nationalism - a strong loyalty to one’s country and a belief that its needs are more important

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand

He was the heir to the Austro Hungarian throne and assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. This escalated the tensions between the two countries, leading to Austro Hungary attacking Serbia.

Before Gallipoli

Soldiers were trained in Egypt

Why Gallipoli?

The Ottoman empire, which Turkey was apart of, had joined the enemy forces and their was fear that they would invade Russia

Entry of the war

The 25th of April 1915 onto the beach, the Turks were atop the mountains surrounding the beach, leaving the ANZACS exposed to heavy gunfire - 600 soldiers were killed

August 6 - 10

Lone Pine - Australian forces captured Turkish trenches so British and New Zealand could attack forces elsewhere. There were 2000 casualties.

August 7

The nek - The ANZACS attempted to capture Turkish Fortifications - killed 234 Australian troops

December 19 - 20

Withdrawal - They evacuated overnight, without a single casualty

Gallipoli conditions

Trenches were steaming hot in the summer and freezing cold in winter. They also flooded, filled with dead bodies and rats.

Significance to Australia

Known as an operation of great loss and defeat. However, it depicted great bravery and gave Australia a great sense of identity.

Enlistment

At first many men enlisted because

war was glorified

a chance to travel

a chance to prove our country to the rest of the world

to get away from home and responsibilities

to earn money

Conscription Debate

Once the realities of war were revealed, many men didn’t want to go but Britain needed more soldiers. So the idea of giving men no choice arised.

Vote Yes Campaign

Britain needed support

Other soldiers needed help

Other allies had done the same

Australia needed to protect their reputation

Billy Hughes held two plebiscites to push the ‘Yes’ vote

Vote No Campaign

There couldn’t be conscription for working class and not privileged classes

No one has the right to send another to be killed

Who would do the work back home

Too many Australians had already been wounded or killed

Modern warfare

Machine guns

Tanks

Flame Throwers

Fighter Jets

Poisonous gas

Shrapnel bomb

SPICESS

Space - The area of observation

Place - The unique characteristics and meaning that a location has, including cultural and personal connections

Interconnections - The relationships and interactions between different places, people, and environments

Change - The transformations between places, people and environments

Environment - The natural and human-made surroundings of a place, including physical and biological elements

Sustainability - The natural and human-made surroundings of a place, including physical and biological elements

Scale - The size and scope of the area or issue being studied, from local to national to global

Biome

A biome is a way to describe a large group of similar ecosystems.

Biomes have similar weather, rainfall, animals and plants.

Polar biome

A biome that experiences extremely cold temperatures and has snow and ice. Animals that live here are penguins, polar bears, arctic foxes, whales

Tropical biome

Hot and wet conditions, produce 40% of the Earth’s oxygen. There is a wide range of animals and plants

Desert biome

They receive less than 10 inches of annual rainfall. There are hot and cold deserts. Animals include kangaroo rats, camels and scorpians

Freshwater biomes

These ecosystems include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, bogs, and wetlands. Provide clean drinking water, have lower salt concentration. Home to fish, otters and eels

Coastal biome

Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems found in warm, clear tropical waters around the world. They are made up of tiny animals called polyps that build hard, calcium carbonate skeletons.

Coral reefs are home to a huge variety of marine life, including fish, sponges, crustaceans, mollusks, sea turtles, sharks, and dolphins.

Coral reefs need specific conditions to survive, including warm water, sunlight, and clean water.

What is food security?

the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.

Food availability

• This refers to how much access to food a nation has within its borders

Food accessibility

This refers to the social, political and economical conditions of a nation to access food

Food stability

• Countries that are more prone to disasters (natural, war) This means that the circumstances can’t be controlled and are unstable

Knowledge and resources to use food appropriately

Local cultural knowledge teaches people to use up all of the food they’re provided. Such as eating the whole chicken or not throwing out fruit due to their weird shapes

Causes of food insecurity

Poor political state, war, infertile land, natural disasters, economy

Melbourne’s foodbowl

Melbourne’s foodbowl is located at the

centre of a highly productive

agricultural area

Inner foodbowl

Melbourne’s foodbowl is located at the centre of a highly productive agricultural area

Includes Yarra Valley and Mornington Peninsula

Produces around 47% of the vegetables grown in Victoria and around 8% of the fruit

Outer food bowl

Located in rural Victoria, surrounding Melbourne

It produces fruit and veg, livestock products and some oil seeds

Urban sprawl impact

It means that there is less farmland available as more housing estates are built

How can Melbourne’s foodbowl be more resilient?

Implement vertical farming, rooftop gardens

The future

Melbourne’s population is predicted to grow to at least 7 million by 2050, and Melbourne will require 60% more food to meet the population’s needs

Melbourne’s foodbowl currently produces enough food to meet around 41% of the food needs of Greater Melbourne’s population, but by 2050 urban sprawl could reduce the capacity of the city’s foodbowl, so that it can only produce enough food to meet 18% of the city’s food needs.

PQE method

Pattern - What pattern can you identify

Quantify - What from the data tells you this?

Exception - What is an exception to the pattern?