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Anatomical position

description of any region or part of the human body assuming it is in standard position of reference

prone position

lying face down

supine position

lying face up

principal body regions

head, neck, truck, upper limbs, and lower limbs

head

bones and associated soft tissues

skull

cranial cavity bones and facial bones

neck

supports head and attaches it to the trunk

trunk

consists of chest, abdomen, and pelvis

upper lumb

shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand

lower limb

buttock, tight, let, ankle, and foot

groin

area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side

sagittal plane

longitudinal plan that divides the body into right and left sides

median or midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left halves

paramedian plane

divides the body into unequal right and left halves

coronal plan

longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections

oblique plane

passed through the body at any oblique angle

section

a cut of the body or one of its organ made along a plane

body cavity

spaces that enclose internal organs

superior (cranial or cephalic)

toward the head

inferior (caudal)

away from head/toward the lower end of the trcuture

anterior (ventral)

near the front of the body

posterior (dorsal)

near the back of the body

medial

nearer to the midline

lateral

farther from the midline

intermediate

between two structures

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body as another structure

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

proximal

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

distal

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

superficial

toward or on the body surface

deep

away from the body surface

Anatomy

The study of body structure

physiology

The study of body function

6 levels of body organization

atomic/moleculure, cellular, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

Integumentary system

Structure: skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
Function: protection, temp regulation, waste, vit D production, sense of touch

Skeletal system

Structure: Bones, joints, and cartilage
Function: support, protection, muscle attachment, movement, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage

muscular system

Structure: skeletal muscle tissue
Function:movement, stabilization, heat generation

nervous system

Structure: brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes/ears
Function: nerve impulse, sense, interoperate, respond to stimuli

Endocrine system

Structure: hormone producing glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, hormone producing organs
Function: regulate bodily activities through hormone release

cardiovascular system

Structure: blood, heart, and blood vessels
Function: transport, regulate pH, temp, H2O balance, immune, repair

lymphatic system

Structure: lymph, nodes, vessels, spleen, thymus
Function: return protein & fluid to blood, lipid transport, site of maturation and proliferation of B and T cells

Respiratory system

Structure: lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes
Function: gas exchange, pH balance, sound production

Digestive system

Structure: moth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Function: physical/chemical breakdown of food, nutrient absorption, waste

urinary system

Structure: kidney, ureters, urethra, bladder
Function: produce, store, eliminate urine, regulate chem comp of blood, pH and mineral balance

reproductive system

Structure: gonads and associated organs
Function: produce gametes, hormone production

6 basic life processes

metabolism, responsiveness, differentiation, movement, growth, reproduction

homeostasis

maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body (maintain volume and composition of body fluids)

Intracellular fluids

inside of cell

extracellular fluids

outside cells

interstitial fluid

in-between cells

blood plasma

ECF in blood vessels

lymph plasma

ECF in lymphatic vessels

cerebrospinal fluid

ECF in brain and spinal cord

synovial fluid

ECF in joints

aqueous humor and vitreous body

ECF in eyes

two main organ systems maintaining homeostasis

nervous and endocrine systems

how the nervous system maintains homeostasis

rapid nerve impulses

how the endocrine system maintains homeostasis

slow response with hormone release

feedback loop

set of internal structures with integrated function that monitor, evaluate, and adjust factors related to homeostasis

controlled condition

monitored body variable

receptor

monitor change in controlled condition and sends signal to the control center

control center

evaluate signal from receptor and generates response signals to other organs

effector

structure that receives signal from control center and produces response or effect that changes controlled condition

affarent pathway

from receptor TO control center

efferent pathway

FROM control center to effector

negative feedback

reverses change in a controlled condition (homeostatic control)

positive feedback

enhances change in controlled condition

disorder

abnormality of structure or function

disease

illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms

local disease

Affect limited regions of the body

systemic disease

affect all or multiple parts of the body

axial region

head, neck, and trunk

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs

cross section

organ cut perpendicular to its length

longitudinal section

organ cut along its length

Dorsal Cavity

cranial and vertebral cavity

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

serous membrane

thin, double layered membrane that covers the visceral organs and lines the walls of thoracic and adbominopelvic cavities

parietal layer

lines the wall of cavities

visceral layer

covers and adheres to organ surface

viscera

internal organs of the body

serous cavity

between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane filled with fluid for lubrication

pleural

around lungs

pericardial

surrounds heart

peritoneal

surrounds abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal organs

behind the peritoneum

What organ separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

diaphram

cranial cavity

brain

vertebral cavity

spinal cord

pleural cavity

fluid filled space between the serous membranes that are around the lungs

pericardial cavity

fluid filled space between serous membranes that surround the heart

thoracic cavity

contains the pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum

Mediastinem

space between the right and left pleura from the sternum to the vertabral column and contains all thoracic viscera except the lungs

abdominal cavity

stomach, spleen, gall bladder, intestines

pelvic cavity

bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

9 sections of tic-tac-toe grid

right and left hypocondriac, epigastric, umbilicus, right and left iliac, hypogastric, and right and left lumbar

midclavicular line

imaginary lines that bisect the clavicles

subcostal line

imaginary line that in below the ribs

transtubercular line

line separating the umbilical and the hypogastric regions