Human Rights Exam 2

Sexual Orientation and Gender
Identity (SOGI)

a term used to refer to the basis of forms of discrimination aimed at people of minority sexuality and/or gender identity. It is a more inclusive version of the term LGBTQIA+ .

Yogyakarta Principles

The Right to the Universal Enjoyment of Human Rights by all people regardless of sexual orientations and gender identities. Founded in November of 2006 during a meeting held in Gadja Mada University inn Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Consists of 29 principles.

Natural Family

The Christian conservative belief that the model family consists of a married husband, wife, and their biological children. This model is considered to be threatened by the recognition of alternative family forms by law, such as same-sex families.

Heteronormativity

a belief that being heterosexual or in an opposite-sex relationship is “normal” and other modes of sexual orientation are unnatural, immoral, or wrong.

United Nations Office of the High
Commissioner on Human Rights
(HCHR)

Protect, prevent, repeal, prohibit, safeguard. Protect human rights for all. Established in December of 1993. Rationalize and improve the UN human rights system.

Raphael Lemkin

Coined term “genocide”. Advocate for the genocide convention (1948). Lawyer, wrote a book called “Axis Rule Occupied Eurpose”. He was Jewish and a holocaust survivor.

Genocide

Genocide Convention

Qualative (Studies)

empirical studies that rely on analysis of data in ways not involving numbers and stats (interviews, assessments, historical data).

Quantitative (Studies)

Research studies that rely on statistical techniques. Uses quantitative methods to examine the number of countries or a period of time.

Gacaca Courts

Rwanda justice system after genocide in 1994. Operated from 2001-2012. Focused on convention and public testimonies, created for transitional justice. Took place outside, community based. Created for transitional justice.

Truth Commission

A restorative mechanism in transitional communities used to find/collect details from victims regarding HR violations. 30+ around the world since 1974; majority in Africa & Latin America. Use of public testimonies or questionaires. Each commission unique in functioning and focus.

International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda

the first international court of law established to prosecute high-ranking individuals for massive human rights in Africa. First institution to recognize rape in terms of genocide. Prosecuted individuals responsible for the Rwanda Genocide in 1994. Based in Tanzania. Played a role in the establishment of the international criminal justice system.

International Criminal Tribunal for
the Former Yugoslavia

Influence the change in humanitarian law, based in Hague Netherlands, took place in the 1990s, started due to Balkman conflicts, established by CLN. to prosecute war crimes.

Amnesty

Immunity from prosecution, granted through legislation, part of a peace agreement, 1990s truth commission to determine whether to grant amnesty or not.

Retributive Justice

The dispensing of sanctions (imprisonment, monetary fine) in punishment for a crime committed by an individual. Trials involved, public acknowledgment, eye for an eye. 1967 case in Greece Coupd’etat (overthrow). Officials were trialed and punished in 1975 for their crimes, including: torture, assassinations, unlawful suspension of constitution.

Restorative Justice

Child soldiers in Sierra Leane return home, Maori principles, harmony between perpetrator and victim in the community, empowers victims, restores both victim and perpetrator.

Reparative Justice

form of apology, remedy for suffering and loss occurred, restitution or compensation, in 1988 compensation was given to Japanese American detained in internment camps during WWII.

Transitional Justice

Disappearance

forceable detention or abduction of people by the government with refusal to disclose location. UN created a working group on disappearances in 1980. Gained recognition as human rights in the 70s during the “Dirty War'“ in Latin Americ

Internally displaced persons (IDPs)

Forced fleeing from home. Natural disasters, armed conflicts, HR violations. Does not cross international boarders. Recognition began in 1990s, over 72 mil IDPs worldwide.