HIST 225 Final JMU harding

Freedmen's Bureau

Established in 1865 to aid freed slaves during the Reconstruction era by providing food, housing, education, and medical care.

Presidential & Congressional Reconstruction

Two phases of Reconstruction post-Civil War; Presidential focused on leniency towards the South, while Congressional aimed for stricter measures and civil rights for freedmen.

Civil Rights Amendments

The 13th (abolished slavery), 14th (granted citizenship and equal protection), and 15th (voting rights) Amendments aimed to secure rights for African Americans.

Port Royal Experiment

A Reconstruction initiative in South Carolina that aimed to provide education and economic opportunities for freed slaves.

Lost Cause

A narrative that romanticizes the Confederate cause and downplays the role of slavery in the Civil War.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S., reflecting racial tensions and economic fears.

Dawes Act

1887 law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land and promoting farming.

Sand Creek

The 1864 massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by U.S. troops in Colorado, highlighting the violent conflicts between settlers and Native Americans.

Wounded Knee

The 1890 massacre of Lakota Sioux by U.S. troops, marking the end of armed Native American resistance.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry and became a major philanthropist.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil, he became one of the wealthiest individuals in history and a key figure in the development of the petroleum industry.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Site of a tragic fire in 1911 that killed 146 workers, leading to improved labor laws and workplace safety regulations.

Muckrakers

Journalists in the early 20th century who exposed corruption and social issues, leading to reforms.

Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt

26th President known for his progressive policies, trust-busting, and conservation efforts.

Booker T. Washington

African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational training and economic self-reliance.

W.E.B. DuBois

Civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for full civil rights and higher education for African Americans.

Spanish American War

1898 conflict resulting in U.S. acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Lusitania

British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, influencing U.S. public opinion against Germany during WWI.

Zimmermann Telegram

A secret communication from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the U.S., which helped spur U.S. entry into WWI.

Woodrow Wilson

28th President known for his leadership during WWI and the establishment of the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty that ended WWI, imposing heavy reparations on Germany and redrawing European borders.

Alice Paul

Women's rights activist who played a key role in the suffrage movement and the passage of the 19th Amendment.

Fordism & Sloanism

Fordism refers to mass production techniques, while Sloanism emphasizes management strategies for large corporations.

Great Depression

Triggered by the 1929 stock market crash, it led to widespread unemployment, poverty, and economic hardship.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms introduced by FDR in response to the Great Depression, aimed at economic recovery.

World War II

Major global conflict (1939-1945) between the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the Allies (U.S., UK, USSR, etc.).

Japanese imperialism

Expansionist policies of Japan in the early 20th century, leading to conflicts in Asia and the Pacific.

Japanese Internment

Forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese Americans during WWII, reflecting wartime hysteria and racism.

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting of Allied leaders to discuss post-war reorganization of Europe.

Island Hopping

Military strategy used by the Allies in the Pacific during WWII to capture strategic islands.

Manhattan Project

Secret U.S. project to develop atomic bombs during WWII.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy to support countries resisting communism, marking the start of the Cold War.

Marshall Plan

U.S. initiative to aid Western Europe's economic recovery after WWII.

Eisenhower Doctrine

U.S. policy to provide military and economic assistance to Middle Eastern countries resisting communism.

Korean War

Conflict (1950-1953) between North Korea (with China and USSR support) and South Korea (with U.S. support), resulting in a stalemate and division at the 38th Parallel.

38th Parallel

The dividing line between North and South Korea established after WWII.

Cairo Conference

1943 meeting of Allied leaders to discuss post-war Asia and the future of Japan.

"Divide and rule"

A strategy used by colonial powers to maintain control by fostering divisions among local populations.

Pyeong Chang Olympics, 2018

Winter Olympics held in South Korea, notable for diplomatic engagements between North and South Korea.

Bay of Pigs

Failed U.S. invasion of Cuba in 1961 aimed at overthrowing Fidel Castro.

Operation Condor

A campaign of political repression and state terrorism in South America during the 1970s.

Gulf of Tonkin

Incident in 1964 that led to increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Tet Offensive

A major North Vietnamese offensive in 1968 that shifted U.S. public opinion on the Vietnam War.

Lyndon Johnson

36th President known for his Great Society programs and escalation of the Vietnam War.

My Lai

A massacre of Vietnamese civilians by U.S. soldiers in 1968, leading to widespread outrage.

Saigon

Capital of South Vietnam, fell to North Vietnamese forces in 1975, marking the end of the Vietnam War.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Massive resistance

A campaign by white Southerners to resist school desegregation following Brown v. Board.

Little Rock Nine

A group of African American students who integrated Little Rock Central High School in 1957, facing significant opposition.

Freedom Summer

1964 campaign to increase voter registration among African Americans in Mississippi.

Black Panthers

A revolutionary socialist organization founded in 1966 to combat police brutality and advocate for civil rights.

Betty Friedan

Feminist author of "The Feminine Mystique," which sparked the second wave of feminism in the U.S.

Phyllis Schlafly

Conservative activist who opposed the Equal Rights Amendment and championed traditional gender roles.

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed amendment to guarantee equal rights regardless of sex, passed by Congress but not ratified by enough states.

Title IX

1972 law prohibiting gender discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities.

Roe v. Wade

1973 Supreme Court case that legalized abortion, establishing a woman's right to choose.

Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization

2022 Supreme Court case that overturned Roe v. Wade, allowing states to regulate abortion.

Richard Nixon

37th President known for his foreign policy achievements and the Watergate scandal that led to his resignation.

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy to withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and transfer responsibility to South Vietnamese forces.

Detente

A period of eased tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Gerald Ford

38th President who succeeded Nixon and is known for his efforts to heal the nation post-Watergate.

Jimmy Carter

39th President known for his human rights advocacy and the Camp David Accords.

Ronald Reagan

40th President known for conservative policies, the end of the Cold War, and economic reforms.

George H.W. Bush

41st President known for foreign policy successes, including the Gulf War.

George W. Bush

43rd President known for his response to 9/11 and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

9/11

Terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, leading to significant changes in U.S. foreign and domestic policy.

Global War on Terror

U.S.-led international military campaign launched in response to 9/11.

Al-Qaeda

Islamist extremist group responsible for the 9/11 attacks and other terrorist activities.

Taliban

Fundamentalist group that ruled Afghanistan and provided sanctuary to Al-Qaeda.

ISIS

Extremist militant group that emerged from Al-Qaeda in Iraq, known for its brutal tactics and territorial ambitions.

Iraq/Afghanistan operations

Military interventions in Iraq (2003) and Afghanistan (2001) aimed at combating terrorism and promoting stability.