Vitamins and Minerals 211

5 basic characteristics of vitamins:

Organic compounds, diet components, essential for normal physiological function in small amounts, abscence causes a deficiency, can’t be synthesized in suffiecient amounts

Fat soluble vitamins: ___,___,___,___

A,D,E,K

Excess fat soluble vitamins are stored in the ___

liver

Fat soluble vitamins have higher potential for ___ and ___ develop slower

toxicity, deficiencies

Water soluble vitamins includes ___ and members of the ___ complex

C, B

Water soluble vitamins are passively absorbed in the ___ ___

small intestine

water-soluble vitamins are excreted in the ___

urine

Water-soluble vitamins have low potential for ___, and high potential for ___

toxicity, defiencies

The function of vitamin A is for:

normal vision, bone growth, reproduction, tooth development, maintenance of epthelial tissue

Vitamin A plant sources includes: plants with ___ and ___

carotene, carotenoids

Vitamin A animal products: ___, fish ___ oils, ___, ___ ___

liver, liver, milk, egg yolk

Deficiencies of vitamin A causes ___ in epithelium, ___ ___, abnormal ___, or ___ cycles

lesions, night blindness, spermatogenesis, estrous

Vitamin A toxicity results in ___ ___, spontaneous ___, ___ ___

skeletal malformation, fractures, intestinal hemorrhage

Sources of vitamin D : ___, some ___, ___ ___, and ___

liver, fish, egg yolk, sunlight

Deficiencies of vitamin D : ___, ___, ___, ___ ___ ___

rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Excess or toxicity of vitamin D causes: ___, bone ___, soft tissue ___ or even ___

hypercalcemia, resorption, calcification, death

Vitamin D2 is important for ___

herbivores

Vitamin D3 is synthesized in the ___ of animals when exposed to UV light

skin

Vitamin E are made up of compounds called ___ and ___

tocopherols, tocotrienols

The function of Vitamin E is as a potent ___, and prevents the chain reaction of free radicals producing more free radicals

antioxdiants

Vitamin E is synthesized only by ___, and can be sourced from ___ oils, ___, and cereal ___

plants, vegetables, seeds, grains

Vitamin E dificiency causes ___ damage

oxidative

Vitamin E deficiencies in dogs causes ___ skeletal muscle disease, impaired ___, and failure of ___

degenerative, spermatogenesis, gestation

Vitamin E deficiencies of cats causes ___, ___ ___ ___, ___ ___ of skeletal muscle

pansteatitis, foccla interstitial myocarditis, focal myositis

Toxicity of vitamin E causes impaired ___ ___, reduced ___ storage of vitamin ___, ___ due to reduced absorption of vitamin D, A, K

bone mineralization, hepatic, A, coagulopathies

Sources of vitamin K is from ___ ___ plants, ___ and some ___

green leafy, liver, ifsh

Vitamin K deficiency causes increased ___ time, and ___

clotting, hemorrhage

Vitamin K toxicity is ___, and was secondary to ___ from a rat poisoning ingestion

rare, supplementation

Vitamin K1 is from ___ ___

green plants

Vitamin K2 is synthesized in the ___ ___

large intestine

Vitamin K3 is ___

synthetic

Vitamin K is used in treating ___ poisoning

rodenticide

The vitamin B-Complex is made of ___ vitamins

9

Sources of Vitamin B: ___ meats, ___ parts of grains and yeast

organ, germinal

Vitamin B1 is

Thiamin

Vitamin B2

Riboflavin

Vitamin B6

pyridoxine

Vitamin B12

cobalamin

Thiamin aka vitamin B1 has an important role in ___ metabolism

carbohydrate

Riboflavin aka Vitamin B2’s function in to release energy from ___, ___ and ___

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Vitamin B1 deficiency impairs ___ metabolism

carhohydrate

Vitamin B2 deficiencies result in:

dermatitis, erythema, weight los, impaired reproduction, cataracts, neurologic changes, anorexia

Vitamin B6 toxicity has low ___, and causes ___, loss of ___ ___ control

incidence, ataxia, small motor

Sources of vitamin B6 or pyridoxine ___ meats, ___, and ___ germ

organ, fish, wheat

Vitamin B6 aka pyridoxine is comprised of 3 componenets ___, ___, ___

pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

Vitamin B12 aka cobalamine’s functions are ___ and ___ metabolism, and synthesis of ___

fat, carbohydrate, myelin

excess vitamin B12 is stored in the ___

liver

Vitamin B12 deficiency is due to poor ___

absorption

Vitamin C deficiency in dogs and cats ___ occur

don’t

Sources of vitamin C is from ___ fruits, ___ green vitamins

citrus, dark

Toxicity of vitamin C doesn’t ___

occur

Animal requiring vitamin C: ___, ___, ___ ___

humans, primates, guinea pigs

the vitamin C deficiency is ___

scurvy

Minerals are ___ portion of the diet

inorganic

Minerals can’t be destroyed by ___, ___, ___, or ___

heat, air, acid, mixing

Functions of minerals: activates enzymatically ___ reactions, provide ___ support, aid in ___ transmission and ___ contractions, serve as ___ of certain transport proteins and hormones, maintain ___ and ___ balance

catalyzed, skeletal, nerve, muscle, components, water, electrolyte

Macrominerals: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___

Ca+, P, Mg, Na+, Cl-

Microminerals: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___

Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, I, Cr

Calcium isn’t ___ as it constantly moves within the body

static

___ is the deficiency of calcium commonly 2-3 weeks parturition.

eclampsia

Eclampsia can be prevented by a high quality food through ___, ___, ___

pregnancy, parturition, lactation

Imbalances of calcium can cause the release of parathyroid hormone which increases the ___ of calcium, and causes signnificant ___ loss

resorption, bone

Sources of calcium: ___ meals, ___ meals, ___ meals

meat, soybean, flaxseed

Phosphorus functions: 2nd largest constitutuent of ___ and ___, structural component of ___ and ___, essential for ___ growth and differentiation, energy use, transfer and metabolism, ___ acid transport, and amino acid and protein formation

bones, teeth, RNA, DNA, cell, fatty

Excessive amount of phosphorus results in ___ deficiency

calcium

Phosphorus deficiency results in ___, ___, ___ ___ ___

rickets, osteomalacia, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Sources of phosphorus includes ___, ___, ___ products

meat, eggs, milk

Magnesium functions: ___ structure, metabolism of ___ and ___, ___ synthesis, muscle ___ and proper transmission of ___ impulses

skeleton, carbohydrates, protein, protein, contraction, nerve

Mg deficiency results in ___, ___ and ___

weakness, ataxia, seizures

Excessive Mg results in ___ and ___ in the urine

struvites, crystals

Sources of Mg: ___ meals, ___, ___, ___ bran, ___ bran, ___ pulp

bone, flaxseed, soybean, wheat, oat, beet

sodium and chloride are major ___ of the extracellular fluids

electrolytes

Functions of sodium and chloride: maintaining ___ pressure, regulating ___-___ balance, transmitting ___ impulses and ___ contractions

osmotic, acid-base, nerve, muscle

Sources of sodiumm and chloride: ___, ___, dried ___, ___ by products, ___ isolate

fish, eggs, whey, poultry, soy

Iron’s function is ___ activation, ___ transport, and ___ transport

oxygen, electron, oxygen

There are two types of iron found in food ___ iron and ___ iron

heme, nonheme

Heme iron is present in ___ and ___

hemoglobin, myoglobin

nonheme iron is found in___ and other ___

grains, plants

deficiency in iron can be due to ___ ___ loss, and ___ infection

chronic blood, parisitic

Excessive iron can be due to ___ with other minerals

antagonism

Sources of iron: ___, ___ pulp, ___ run, ___ hulls

meats, beet, soymill, peanut

Zinc functions: ___, ___, ___, and ___ ___ metabolism; maintenance of normal ___ integrity, ___ and ___, synthesis, storage, and release of ___ from the pancreas

carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid, skin, growth, development, insulin

Zinc deficiency results in ___, hair ___, growth ___, ___ failure

dermatoses, depigmentation, retardation, reproductive

Sources of zinc: most ___, ___ sources, ___ ___

meat, fiber, dicalcium phosphate

Functions of copper

Iron absorption and transport; hemoglobin formation; conversion of tyrpsine to melanin; synthesis of collagen and elastin; production of ATP; needed for normal ostoblastic activity

Copper deficiency results: ___, ___ ___, ___ of colored haircoats, impaired ___ development

hypochromic, microcytic anemia, depidmentation, skeletal

Iodine is trapped by the ___ gland to ensure proper supply

thyroid

Functions of iodine: synthesis of ___ and ___

thyroxine, triiodothyronine

Iodine deficiency results in: ___ or the enlargement of the thyroid gland

goiter

Sources of iodine: ___, ___, ___ salt, ___ by products

fish, eggs, iodized, poultry

Selenium function: helps to protect ___ and ___ membranes from oxidative damage

cellular, subcellular

Sources of selenium: ___, ___, ___

fish, eggs, liver

Chromium function: ___ and ___ metabolism, maintain ___ homeostasis by enhancing ___ activity

carbohydrate, lipid, glucose, insulin

Sources of chromium: ___, ___ yeast, whole ___

liver, brewer’s, grains