Studied by 48 PeopleTags & Description
Sarcopenia
Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Obesity is a risk factor. There is a 10% loss per year after 45, and 30% per year after 70.
Osteoarthritis
A form of arthritis affecting mainly older adults. Chronic degeneration of cartilage and synovial membranes of joints lead to pain and stiffness.
Osteoporosis
low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue. Leads to increased fractures and bone fragility.
Osteoporosis risk factors
Deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, estrogen Lack of exercise High alcohol consumption Low nutrition and BMI Increased risk for women Indigenous populations Low SES
Preventing osteoporosis
Get adequate calcium, complete weight bearing exercises Resistance training (stimulates bone formation and calcium retention) Coordination and balance (decreases risk of falling)
Cardiovascular system changes with age
Increased blood pressure and cholesterol increase risks of heart disease and stroke Cholesterol accumulates on artery walls Hypertension and blood pressure increase after menopause
LDL Cholesterol
The bad cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
The good cholesterol
When HDL is high and LDL is low
Risk of cardiovascular disease is lower
Changes in respiratory system with age
At age 55, proteins in lung tissue become less elastic Stiffened chest wall decreased lung capacity to transport oxygen
Metabolic syndrome
Hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance Often leads to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Increased risk of early dealth
Metabolic syndrome risk factors
Older adults, obesity, gestational or type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, PCOS, sleep apnea
Metabolic syndrome prevention
Regular physical activity Eating fruit and vegetables Limiting saturated fats Maintaining a healthy weight Not smoking
Changes in sleep with age
Increase in sleep problems, sleep apnea, insomnia,
Risks of sleep problems
Increased falls, obesity, early death, decreased cognitive functioning
Sleep apnea
Breathing temporarily stops during sleep, jolting the person awake many times a night.
Diseases associated with sleep apnea
Hypertension, CVD, obesity, depression, cancer
Stress and the immune system
number of WBC's and their effectiveness decreases
Stress and the CV system
Chronic emotional stress increases BP, heart disease, and early death. Adrenaline surges from stress increase risk of blood clots
Centenarians
People over 100 years old More women than men but the men are healthier on average
Robust Oldest Old
People over 85 years old
Factors associated with healthy aging
Genes, family history, health, education, personality, lifestyle, exercise, moderate alcohol, good nutrition, low stress
Cellular clock theory
Hayflick's 1977 theory that cells divide a max of 75-80 times. As we age, they become less capable of division, therefore, humans can only live to around 120 years.
Telomeres
DNA sequences that cap chromosomes
Telomeres and aging
Each time a cell divides, these shorten, after 70-80 divisions, they are too short for the cell to reproduce again.
Telemorase injection benefits and risks
When done with lab grown cells, this increased cell lifespan but also increases the chance of cancer.
Free Radical Theory
People age because normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules. These ricochet around cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures (oxidative damage) The damage leads to cancer and arthritis. Overeating and smoking increase risk.
Mitochondrial theory
Aging is due to the decay of mitochondria from oxidative damage. Loss of micronutrients = mitochondria inefficiency Leads to disease (CVD, dementia, decreased liver functioning)
Hormonal stress theory
aging in hormonal systems could decrease stress resistance and increase disease. Stress hormones remain elevated longer with age and this is associated with increased disease.
ACh reduction
can cause memory decline and Alzheimer's disease
dopamine reduction
causes problems with planning and motor function, Parkinson's disease
GABA reduction
causes problems with neuronal signalling and information transmission
Alzheimer's disease
a progressive irreversible disorder characterized with a gradual decline in memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning
potential causes of Alzheimer's disease
ACh deficiency, brain shrink, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, age and hereditary factors, apolipoprotein E, Nicastrin protein.
Progression of Alzheimers disease
begins in hippocampus where new memories are formed will slowly move to language centres, then the frontal lobe with logical thinking, then emotional regulation, then sense perceptions, finally reaches one's oldest memories, destroying them. Eventually, it stops the part controlling breathing and heart rate. Slow and steady, can take 8-10 years.
risk factors for Alzheimers
obesity, smoking, atherosclerosis, high cholesterol
reducing Alzheimer's risk
physical and cognitive exercise
link between insulin responsiveness and dementia
when studied in rats, blocking this resulted in dementia. They had many plaques and amyloids
new theories of Alzheimer's
theories suggest this could be an autoimmune disease, a mitochondrial disease, a brain infection, or abnormal handling of metals within the brain (potentially zinc, copper, iron)
Insulin to treat Alzheimers
when injected, this can decrease the severity of Alzheimers as it is believed this is needed for the neurone to function and stay alive
Parkinson's disease
chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slower movements, facial paralysis
L-Dopa
a potential treatment for Parkinson's that is converted into dopamine by the brain
deep brain stimulation
a potential treatment for Parkinson's that implants electrodes into the brain and stimulates these with a pacemaker
neurogenesis
occurs in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb, new brain cells only live for a few weeks therefore, it is important to keep up with activity.
the adapting brain and lateralization
brains can rewire to compensate for losses, and with age the brain can shift responsibilities for a task from one region to another. Older adults are more likely to use both hemispheres to process information.
They see priorities most clearly. They savour life more appreciative more open to reconciliation. More time is spent investing in emotionally important parts of life.
Why are older people happier?
physical literacy
the motivation, confidence,, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activity for life.
motivation and confidence physical competence knowledge and understanding engagement in PA for life
the four elements of physical literacy
grade of D+ 36% of children from 8-12 years old meet the minimum activity guidelines
how physically literate are Canadian children and youth?
equity, diversity, inclusion, accessibility
EDIA stands for?
Sport for Life stages
active start, FUNdamentals, learn to train
active start
through play and movement kids learn FMS skills. 0-6 years old
FUNdamentals
learning FMS and motor skills, programs are fun, inclusive, no sport specialization, developmentally appropriate sport and PA. Boys 6-9 years Girls 6-8 years
learn to train
learning overall sport skills, coordination and fine motor skills, broad range of activity. Boys age 9-12 years Girls age 8-11 years
high 5 principles
An caring adult Opportunity to make friends Opportunity to play Opportunity to master skills Opportunity to participate
high 5 guidelines for programs
Welcome of diversity and uniqueness Safe Developmentally appropriate