HAHP 2000 Test 2

Final exam for HAHP 2000

Sarcopenia

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Obesity is a risk factor. There is a 10% loss per year after 45, and 30% per year after 70.

Osteoarthritis

A form of arthritis affecting mainly older adults. Chronic degeneration of cartilage and synovial membranes of joints lead to pain and stiffness.

Osteoporosis

low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue. Leads to increased fractures and bone fragility.

Osteoporosis risk factors

Deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, estrogen
Lack of exercise
High alcohol consumption
Low nutrition and BMI
Increased risk for women
Indigenous populations
Low SES

Preventing osteoporosis

Get adequate calcium, complete weight bearing exercises
Resistance training (stimulates bone formation and calcium retention)
Coordination and balance (decreases risk of falling)

Cardiovascular system changes with age

Increased blood pressure and cholesterol increase risks of heart disease and stroke
Cholesterol accumulates on artery walls
Hypertension and blood pressure increase after menopause

LDL Cholesterol

The bad cholesterol

HDL Cholesterol

The good cholesterol

When HDL is high and LDL is low

Risk of cardiovascular disease is lower

Changes in respiratory system with age

At age 55, proteins in lung tissue become less elastic
Stiffened chest wall
decreased lung capacity to transport oxygen

Metabolic syndrome

Hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance
Often leads to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Increased risk of early dealth

Metabolic syndrome risk factors

Older adults, obesity, gestational or type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, PCOS, sleep apnea

Metabolic syndrome prevention

Regular physical activity
Eating fruit and vegetables
Limiting saturated fats
Maintaining a healthy weight
Not smoking

Changes in sleep with age

Increase in sleep problems, sleep apnea, insomnia,

Risks of sleep problems

Increased falls, obesity, early death, decreased cognitive functioning

Sleep apnea

Breathing temporarily stops during sleep, jolting the person awake many times a night.

Diseases associated with sleep apnea

Hypertension, CVD, obesity, depression, cancer

Stress and the immune system

number of WBC's and their effectiveness decreases

Stress and the CV system

Chronic emotional stress increases BP, heart disease, and early death.
Adrenaline surges from stress increase risk of blood clots

Centenarians

People over 100 years old
More women than men but the men are healthier on average

Robust Oldest Old

People over 85 years old

Factors associated with healthy aging

Genes, family history, health, education, personality, lifestyle, exercise, moderate alcohol, good nutrition, low stress

Cellular clock theory

Hayflick's 1977 theory that cells divide a max of 75-80 times.
As we age, they become less capable of division, therefore, humans can only live to around 120 years.

Telomeres

DNA sequences that cap chromosomes

Telomeres and aging

Each time a cell divides, these shorten, after 70-80 divisions, they are too short for the cell to reproduce again.

Telemorase injection benefits and risks

When done with lab grown cells, this increased cell lifespan but also increases the chance of cancer.

Free Radical Theory

People age because normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules. These ricochet around cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures (oxidative damage)
The damage leads to cancer and arthritis.
Overeating and smoking increase risk.

Mitochondrial theory

Aging is due to the decay of mitochondria from oxidative damage. Loss of micronutrients = mitochondria inefficiency
Leads to disease (CVD, dementia, decreased liver functioning)

Hormonal stress theory

aging in hormonal systems could decrease stress resistance and increase disease. Stress hormones remain elevated longer with age and this is associated with increased disease.

ACh reduction

can cause memory decline and Alzheimer's disease

dopamine reduction

causes problems with planning and motor function, Parkinson's disease

GABA reduction

causes problems with neuronal signalling and information transmission

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive irreversible disorder characterized with a gradual decline in memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning

potential causes of Alzheimer's disease

ACh deficiency, brain shrink, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, age and hereditary factors, apolipoprotein E, Nicastrin protein.

Progression of Alzheimers disease

begins in hippocampus where new memories are formed
will slowly move to language centres, then the frontal lobe with logical thinking, then emotional regulation, then sense perceptions, finally reaches one's oldest memories, destroying them. Eventually, it stops the part controlling breathing and heart rate.
Slow and steady, can take 8-10 years.

risk factors for Alzheimers

obesity, smoking, atherosclerosis, high cholesterol

reducing Alzheimer's risk

physical and cognitive exercise

link between insulin responsiveness and dementia

when studied in rats, blocking this resulted in dementia. They had many plaques and amyloids

new theories of Alzheimer's

theories suggest this could be an autoimmune disease, a mitochondrial disease, a brain infection, or abnormal handling of metals within the brain (potentially zinc, copper, iron)

Insulin to treat Alzheimers

when injected, this can decrease the severity of Alzheimers as it is believed this is needed for the neurone to function and stay alive

Parkinson's disease

chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slower movements, facial paralysis

L-Dopa

a potential treatment for Parkinson's that is converted into dopamine by the brain

deep brain stimulation

a potential treatment for Parkinson's that implants electrodes into the brain and stimulates these with a pacemaker

neurogenesis

occurs in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb, new brain cells only live for a few weeks therefore, it is important to keep up with activity.

the adapting brain and lateralization

brains can rewire to compensate for losses, and with age the brain can shift responsibilities for a task from one region to another. Older adults are more likely to use both hemispheres to process information.

They see priorities most clearly.
They savour life
more appreciative
more open to reconciliation. More time is spent investing in emotionally important parts of life.

Why are older people happier?

physical literacy

the motivation, confidence,, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activity for life.

motivation and confidence
physical competence
knowledge and understanding
engagement in PA for life

the four elements of physical literacy

grade of D+
36% of children from 8-12 years old meet the minimum activity guidelines

how physically literate are Canadian children and youth?

equity, diversity, inclusion, accessibility

EDIA stands for?

Sport for Life stages

active start, FUNdamentals, learn to train

active start

through play and movement kids learn FMS skills.
0-6 years old

FUNdamentals

learning FMS and motor skills, programs are fun, inclusive, no sport specialization, developmentally appropriate sport and PA.
Boys 6-9 years
Girls 6-8 years

learn to train

learning overall sport skills, coordination and fine motor skills, broad range of activity.
Boys age 9-12 years
Girls age 8-11 years

high 5 principles

An caring adult
Opportunity to make friends
Opportunity to play
Opportunity to master skills
Opportunity to participate

high 5 guidelines for programs

Welcome of diversity and uniqueness
Safe
Developmentally appropriate