cellular 1

as opposed the MAPK and kainate receptors, NMDA receptors are coincidence detectors that detect the simultaneous presence of

glutamate and GABA

ionotropic receptors differ from metabotropic receptors in which of the following ways

ionotropic receptors form a channel whereas metabotropic receptors couple to channels through intracellular signaling molecules

which of the following is NOT a type of glutamate receptor

GABA(b)

G-protein coupled receptors have how many transmembrane domains

7

acetylcholine is degrade in the synaptic cleft or neurotransmitter junction by which enzyme

acetylcholine esterase

myasthenia gravis is caused by

development of autoantibodies that block the ability of acetylcholine to bind to nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction

muscarinic receptors are

GPCRs that bind acetylcholine

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors couple to ___ while group II and group III receptors couple to ___

Galphaq, Galphai

Which enzyme converts glutamate to GABA

glutamic acid decarboxylase

in the developing brain GABA is excitatory primarily because

intracellular chloride concentrations are very high

Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of ___ neurons from the ___

dopamine, substantia nigra

cocaine increase synaptic dopamine by

blocking the dopamine transporter

antidepressant drugs promarily act on the ___ system

serotonergic

the AA precursor for dopamine and norepinepherine is ___ while the amino acid precursor for serotonin is ___

tyrosine, tryptophan

Catecholamines are primarily removed from the synaptic cleft by

reuptake transporters found on the presynaptic membrane

tolerance refers to

a decrease in the effect of the drug after repeated dosing

the ion channel receptor for serotonin is called

5-HT3

which of the following best describes the difference between Paracrine signaling and synaptic signaling

synaptic signaling is isolated to single pre and post synaptic pairs while paracrine signaling can affect multiple cells

which of the following are examples of extra cellular signaling molecules

lipid mediators, peptides, diffusable gasses

GPCRs couplr directly to

heterotrimeric G proteins

Which of the following proteins has intrinsice GTPase activity and sets the duration of signaling after activation of a GPCR

Galpha proteins

GalphaS proteins produce which of the following cellular responses

stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and stimulation of cAMP accumulation

GalphaI proteins produce which of the following cellular responses

inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and inhibition of cAMP accumulation

the GPCR cycle is terminate when Galpha subunit

hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and rebinds beta-gamma subunits

the most commong downstream transcription regulatory target of cAMP/PKA signaling is

CREB

GalphaQ proteins couple to

phospholipase C

Which of the following mechanisms can allow for calcium entry into the postsynaptic terminal to induce a signaling response

activation of IP3, activation of NMDA, activation of voltage gated calcium

When PKA binds cAMP molecules this causes a conformation shift in the kinase htat

changes the shape of the regulatory domain such that it bends away from the catalytic domain allowing the catalytic subunit to associate with substrates

most kinases in the human or other mammal genomes are ___ kinases

serine and theronine

the action of PKA is terminated by

cAMP hydrolysis and phosphodiesterase

Ligands fro receptor tyrosine kinases include

neurotrophic factors, synaptic adhesion, soluble extracellular proteins

downstream signaling through tyrosine kinase receptors is mediated largely by ___ that stimulate the ___ pathway

small G proteins, MAPK

transcription factors are important signaling molecules because

they recruit RNA polymerase to cause gene transcription in adult neurons

postsynaptic densities in dendritic spines are remarkable because they

contain a broad variety of signaling molecules that enable synaptic plasticity

PKC activity is most commonly associated with GPCRs that couple through which of the following alpha subunits

GalphaQ

pre-propetides are

peptide neurotransmitter precursors that must be processed before they can be released as active molecules

endorphin peptides bind predominantly to which type of receptor

Mu opioid receptors

the primary sites of action of endogenous opioids to produce analgesia are located in

the periaqueductal grey

the G protein coupled receptor with the highest expression density in the brain is

CB1 cannabinoid receptor

as opposed to most other NTs in theb rain, endocannabinoids and 2-arachidonyl glycerol act as

retrograde NTs

the cellular action of anadamide is terminated by

fatty acid amide hydroxylase

the primary location and physiological role of CB1 receptors appear to be

presynaptic, inhbition of NT release

the primary sensor for noxious heat, which is also a receptor for the chili peper derived compound cpsaicin is

TRPV1

Mice that lack TRPV1 have which phenotype

they have deficits in noxious thermal snesation

transient receptor potential channels, or TRPs, are often referred to as thermosensores. TRPM8 senes

cold