Psych 454 exam 1

There is more sodium...

outside the cell

There is more potassium

inside the cell

What is membrane potential?

the voltage difference across a membrane

At resting membrane potential...

more negative inside cell (-70mV)

What causes sodium channels to briefly open?

Na+ influx

What is depolarization?

the inside of the membrane becomes less negative

What is hyperpolarization?

the inside of the membrane becomes more negative

When potassium channels open...

K+ rushes out; Na+ channels become refractory until membrane reaches resting potential

What are the two types of neural codes?

Spike rate code and spike timing code

what is spike rate code?

number of spikes in a given interval

What are the two types of spike timing code?

spike pattern code and spike-phase code

single-unit recording

an invasive technique for studying brain function, permitting the study of activity in single neurons

Which brain recording methods are invasive?

Single unit and LFP

Which brain recording methods have good spatial resolution?

Single unit and LFP

Which brain recording methods have good temporal resolution?

Single unit, LFP, and EEG

Which brain recording method has poor spatial resolution

EEG and FMRI

Which brain recording method has poor temporal resolution?

FMRI

What are the peripheral sensory organs?

eyes, ears, skin

What are first-order thalamic areas?

Thalamic areas that receive input directly from the sensory periphery

Which system bypasses the thalamus?

olfactory system

What are feedforward pathways?

pathways directed from posterior to anterior cortical areas (info about sensory enviroment)

What are feedback pathways?

pathways directed from anterior to posterior (goals, attention priorities, predictions)

What do direct pathways between cortical areas carry?

Detailed information about sensory stimuli

What is the role of the indirect pathways between cortical areas via the higher-order thalamus?

Indirect pathways facilitate processing of only the behaviorally relevant info in the cortex

Where is the "how" pathway located?

across the dorsal cortex

Where is the what pathway located?

across the ventral cortex

How many layers are in the neocortex?

six layers

What layer do pyramidal cells have their soma?

layer 5

What do excitatory cells do?

Depolarize and increase activity of post-synaptic cells

What do inhibitory cells do?

Hyperpolarize and inhibit activity of post-synaptic cells?

What type of cells are excitatory?

pyramidal

Layer 4

receives feedforward input from thalamus or another cortical area

Layer 2/3

sends feedforward output to another cortical area

Layer 5

sends feedforward output to subcortical areas

Layer 6

sends feedback output to the thalamus or another cortical area

layer 1

receives feedback input from another cortical area (and thalamus)

Frontal lobe

Central sulcus

parietal lobe

occipital lobe

temporal lobe

function of basal ganglia

action selection and reinforcement learning

Which functional territories do not have pathways to the striatum?

Primary visual cortex and primary auditory cortex

Increased striatal activity can \_______ thalamus (via direct pathway)

disinhibit

hyperdirect pathway

cortex to subthalamic nucleus

direct pathway

striatum to GP internal segment

indirect pathway

striatum to GP external segment to subthalamic nucleus to GP internal segment

What does GP stand for?

globus pallidus

What is the cerebellum's function?

motor and cognitive functions

What is the hippocampus's function?

episodic memory and spatial navigation

What is a node degree?

number of connections that link a node to the rest of the network

what is a clustering coefficient?

Number of connections that exist between nearest neighbors of a node (as a proportion of the maximum number of possible connections)

what is path length?

minimum number of edges to go from one node to another

what is a module?

subset of nodes with high within-module connectivity and low inter-module connectivity

what is a rich node?

Node with a large number of connections (i.e. high-degree node (called network hub))

what is a rich club?

Rich nodes that are well connected with each other, forming a tight subgraph (yellow box)

what is a rich-club organization?

Greater likelihood of high-degree nodes forming clubs than low-degree nodes

What are tracer studies?

an invasive procedure where tracer molecules are injected into brain and travel along axons

What is diffusion MRI?

allows visualization of the diffusion process of molecules, mainly water, in biological tissues, in vivo and non-invasively

Section a?

Precuneus

Section b

Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)

Section c?

anterior cingulate cortex

Section d?

superior frontal cortex

Section f?

insular cortex

Section i?

lateral parietal cortex

Section J?

thalamus

Visual receptive field

Covers area of visual space

Somatosensory receptive field

mapped along dimensions of body surface

Visual area in left hemisphere

right visual field

reference frame

a coordinate system from which the positions of objects are described

egocentric reference frame

eye-centered, body-centered

allocentric reference frame

object-centered, world-centered

Visual cortex uses...

eye-centered reference frame

Motor cortex uses

body centered reference frame

hippocampus uses...

allocentric reference frame

Posterior parietal cortex (PCC) is important for...

coordinate transfomations

Hippocampus contains...

allocentric cells

Parietal cortex contains...

egocentric cells

Retrosplenial cortex contains...

both allocentric and egocentric cell

Transmitter diffuses across\___ and binds to \_____ on post-synaptic neuron

synaptic cleft; receptors

Opening of the transmitter-gated ion channels leads to...

post synaptic potential

Excitatory post-synaptic (EPSP) is produced by

glutamate

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) produced by

GABA

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

increased magnitude of EPSP after pre-synaptic activity

long-term depression (LTD)

decreased magnitude of EPSP after low pre-synaptic activity

Increase in pre-synaptic calcium leads to...

transmitter release

Large increase in post-synaptic calcium \=

LTP

Small increase in post-synaptic calcium \=

LTD

axo-dendritic synapse

axon terminal synapses on a dendrite

axo-somatic synapse

axon terminal synapses on the cell body (soma)

axo-axonic synapse

synapse between two axons

Synaptic cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

synaptic vesicle

storage site for neurotransmitters

main inhibitory neurotransmitter

GABA

main excitatory neurotransmitter

glutamate

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers sent across synapse

Neuromodulators

modulate effectiveness of other neurotransmitters (amines)

Step one in neurotransmitter release

synaptic vesicle docked at pre-synaptic "Active zone"

Step 2: Neurotransmitter Release

action potential leads to increased pre-synaptic calcium

step 3 of neurotransmitter release

calcium triggers neurotransmitter release