The Making of Modern Britain (1964-1970)

What was Labour’s majority in the 1964 election?

4

When was Britannia airways founded?

1974

How did the number of illegitimate births rise by?

5.8% - 8.2% between 1960 - 1970

What was Labour’s majority in the 1966 election?

96

When was the Department of Economic Affairs abandoned?

1967

What were Wilson’s trusted advisors called?

Members of his kitchen cabinet

What years experienced sterling crisis?

1965 - 1967

When was the seamen’s strike?

1966

When was Britain’s 2nd EEC application rejected?

1967

When did Wilson devalue the pound?

1967

What did Jenkins’ deflationary policies mirror from the 1950s?

Stop + Go economics

When was there a balance of payments surplus and what was this due to?

1970, due to Jenkins’ policies

What was the trade deficit in 1967?

£1.5 billion

Who did Wilson appoint as Minister of Technology?

Frank Cousins, a trade unionist

By what year did Labour’s relationship with the trade unions seem to be breaking down?

1966

When was the white paper “In Place of Strife” produced?

1969

Who created the white paper “In Place of Strife” ?

Barbara Castle

Why was “In Place of Strife” rejected?

It angered trade unions + Home Secretary, James Callaghan threatened to rebel with 50 other MPs

What did Wilson promise to harness in 1964?

The “white heat of technology”

What led to growing tensions between the Nationalists and Unionists in Ireland by the end of the 1960s?

The Royal Ulster Constabulary (Protestants) discriminated against Catholics in the area

When were civil rights marches held in Ireland?

1968

Who attacked the 1969 loyalist Apprentice Boys march?

Nationalist Catholics

What happened during the battle of Bogside?

The Royal Ulster Constabulary was blocked from entering the Bogside due to 2 days of rioting

When were British troops sent to Northern Ireland to “keep the peace” ?

August 1969

What did Callaghan say about permissiveness?

That he wanted to “stop the tide of permissiveness”

When was Roy Jenkins’ Home Secretary?

1965 - 1967

What was the level of inflation in 1969?

12%

When was Capital Punishment abolished?

1969

What did the 1969 Divorce Reform Act allow?

“No fault” divorce

When was the Abortion Act legalised?

1967

Which Labour backbencher campaigned for the legalisation of abortion?

David Steel

How many students were being educated in comprehensive schools?

1 / 10 by 1964, 10x increase since 1951

Who became the Minister of Education in 1965?

Tony Crosland, a supporter of comprehensive schools

What did Crosland introduce in 1965 + what did it do?

Circular 10 / 65, this requested all LEAs to convert to comprehensive schools

How many comprehensive schools were there by 1970?

1145

How many people were state school educated by 1970?

1 / 3

What did the Robbins committee do + when was it set up?

It examined Britain’s higher education provision, in 1961

What countries was Britain lagging behind in terms of higher education?

US, France + Germany

How many universities and polytechnics were there in 1968?

56 universities + 30 polytechnics

When was the 1st Open University created?

1969 in Milton Keynes

How many students did the Open University have by 1980?

70,000

When was BBC2 created?

1964

How did the % the population who had televisions increase?

75% between 1961 - 1971

When was The Sun created?

1964

When was the moon landing?

1969

What % of people went on package holidays?

8.4% in 1971

What % of students were women?

28% in 1970

What % of women reached managerial roles?

5%

When was the 1st women’s liberation conference held?

1970

When was radio one created + why?

1967 - to combat pirate radio stations

What are some examples of youth subcultures from the end of 1960s?

Skinheads + hippies

What did Ian Smith declare in 1965?

Independence of Rhodesia under white minority rule

Why was Wilson unsuccessful when dealing with Ian Smith?

The oil sanctions were ignored, Rhodesia got oil through Mozambique + South Africa continued to trade with them

How many seats did the conservatives win in the 1970 election?

300

What speech did Enoch Powell make in 1968?

His “rivers of blood” speech

Before no fault divorce, who could afford to end their marriages?

The rich who could afford to collect evidence, it was virtually impossible for everyone else

How did the number of divorces increase

They increase by 5x in 1970 compared to 1950

How many women died after backstreet abortions?

82 between 1958 - 1960

What society was set up in 1966 to oppose liberalisation?

The society for the protection of the unborn child

What was the thalidomide crisis?

Between 1959 - 1962 it was prescribed to help with morning sickness but it created deformities + it swayed public opinion on abortions if there was a chance of abnormality

When was theatrical censorship abolished?

1968

What is an example of plays performed after the end of censorship?

Hair - celebrated nudity

How many women were successful in the 1966 election?

21

What was the impact of the women’s strike at Ford Motor Company in 1968?

Castle intervene after they were on strike for 3 wks, their wages increased by 7% + it raised awareness for the 19790 equal pay act

How did Mary Whitehouse campaign against permissiveness?

She founded the National Viewers and Listeners’ Association in 1965, she gained 100,000 members + it continued into 1980s

How did Callaghan stop permissiveness?

He rejected the findings of the 1968 Wootton report which suggested legalising soft drugs + in 1970 the maximum sentence for supplying drugs increased to 14 yearso

What fraction of white people opposed working with ethnic minorities?

1 / 5

What fraction of people were against interracial marriages?

9 / 10

What did the 1965 Race Relations act do?

Banned discrimination except in housing + employment

What are the impacts of the 1965 Race Relations board?

734 / 982 complaints were dismissed due to lack of evidence

What were the impacts of the 1968 Commonwealth Immigration act?

72% of an opinion poll supported it + 200,000 Kenyan Asians were stranded

What % of people supported Powell’s speech?

75%

What did the 1968 Race Relations Act do?

Banned discrimination in housing + employment but employers still found loopholes

When was the Notting Hill carnival set up?

1964