U2 - Intro to Anatomy & Body Systems

!!! anatomy = study of the structure of an organism _{^{(ex: where the bones are, what are the chambers of the heart)}} 

physiology = study of how that organism’s body functions _{^{(ex: temp rises, hypothalamus sends info to sweat glands, sweat released on skin’s surface)}}

anatomical position = body straight, feet slightly apart, thumbs away from body; helps anatomists discuss parts of the body easily/efficiently 

negative feedback loops more common in the body

cell

smallest unit of all living things

tissue

similar cells w/ a common function

organ

made of 2 or more types of tissues

organ system 

group of organs working toward a common goal

organism

highest level of structural organization for an individual

skeletal system function

• provides support/protection

• gives body shape

nervous system function

• control center 

• detects impulses from the senses

circulatory system function

transports nutrients/gases thru the body

respiratory system function

exchange gases (oxygen and CO₂)

digestive system function

breaks down and absorbs food

muscular system function

provides movement for all parts of the body

integumentary system function

• protects the body 🛡️

• regulates temperature 🌡️

• prevents water loss 💧❌

lymphatic system function

• fights infection 🦠

• provides fluid for cells

excretory system function

remove waste from the blood

endocrine system function

secretes hormones

reproductive system function

produces cells used in sexual reproduction

Functions necessary for life

1. 🧱Maintaining boundaries - lets some substances in and keeps others out

2. 🥬Digestion - break down/absorb nutrients

3. Metabolism - build large molecules from small ones and breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones

4. 💩Excretion - removal of wastes

5. 👶🏻Reproduction - produce offspring

6. 📈 Growth - grow in cell/overall body size

7. ‼️Responsiveness - sense/react to changes in environment

8. 🏃🏻‍♀️Movement (internal + thru surroundings) 

(my dog might eat really gross rat meat)

anabolism

building larger molecules from small ones (part of metabolism)

_{^{^a for ‘add’ up small molecules into big ones}}

catabolism

breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones (part of metabolism)

^{_{^think of cat knocking stuff down} 🐈‍⬛}

Survival needs

1. 💧Water (allows molecules to move thru the body)

2. 🥬Nutrients (thru digestion + metabolism)

3. ☁️Oxygen (heart + lungs)

4. 🌡️Normal body temp (skin, blood, muscles)

5. ⛅Normal atmospheric pressure (provides appropriate gas exchange btwn lungs + environment)

Which plane shows L/R halves?

(mid)sagittal/median plane

_{^{*L/R from PATIENT’S pov!}}

Which plane shows front/back halves?

frontal plane

Which plane shows top/bottom halves?

transverse plane

proximal

distal

medial

lateral

superior (cranial)

inferior (caudal)

anterior (ventral)

posterior (dorsal)

deep

superficial

close to attachment to body

farther from attachment to body

closer to midline

farther from midline

higher _{^{(depending on gravity, towards head)}}

lower _{^{(lower point of gravity, towards feet)}}

front

back

more internal, deeper_{^{, away from body’s surface}}

towards body’s surface

Homeostasis

ability to keep a balance of internal conditions

stimulus _{^{(change in environment)}} → receptor _{^{(recognizes stimulus)}} —(afferent pathway)—> control center _{^{(determines needed response)}} —(efferent pathway)—> effector

Name all 11 systems of the body 

• 💀skeletal 

• 💪muscular 

• 🫀circulatory 

• 🫁respiratory

• 🌡integumentary 

• 🍕digestive

• 💩excretory

• 👶reproductive

• 🧠nervous

• 🫠endocrine

• 🦠lymphatic 

negative vs. positive feedback loop

reduce changes in body to bring it back to balance - ex: sweating/shivering _{^{(feel hot/cold, try to go back to balance/homeostasis)}}

vs. 

drive body further away from typical state (for a necessary result) - ex: childbirth