NSC 308 Chapter 4 Review

Digestive enzymes are produced in the _______.

• salivary glands

• stomach

• pancreas

These accessory organs function along with the small intestine in the digestive process.

• Pancreas

• Gallbladder

• Liver

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system? (Select more than one.)

• Short- and medium-chain fatty acids

• Water-soluble nutrients

• Proteins, carbohydrates, B-vitamins, vitamin C

Ulcers of the stomach most often occur in which age group?

Older adults

Dietary supplements of ______ can cause constipation.

• iron

• calcium

The large intestine absorbs about ______ percent of the water.

10

Possible treatments for irritable bowel syndrome include ______.

• peppermint oil

• a gluten-free diet

Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome can be aggravated by the consumption of:

• cabbage.

• onions.

• gluten.

Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?

• Soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber.

• An overall increase in dietary fiber has not been supported as an effective treatment for IBS

Molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called ______.

digestive enzymes

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

• Fat-soluble vitamins

• Most fats

Medications such as ______ can cause constipation.

• antacids

• antidepressants

• opioids

A combination of prebiotics, probiotics, and a FODMAP dietary protocol is a promising therapeutic approach to treating ______.

irritable bowel syndrome

Current research does not support the use of dietary _______ in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

fiber or fibers

What is a collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?

Tissue

The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields ______.

ATP

Digestion is ______.

the process of breaking down foods into smaller components.

The smallest functional unit of the body is called a(n) _____.

cell

In healthy individuals, what lives throughout the GI tract?

Bacteria

Absorption is ______.

the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph

The resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut _____.

microbiota, microbiome, microflora, or flora

Ghrelin's role is to

• increase food intake.

• increase appetite.

This layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract.

Submucosa

Match the sphincter of the GI tract with the appropriate function of that sphincter.

• Lower esophageal sphincter ←——→ Prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus

• Pyloric sphincter ←———→ Controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine

• Hepatopancreatic sphincter ←———→ Controls the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

• Ileocecal valve ←———→ Prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

• Anal sphincter ←———→ Prevents defecation until person desires to do so

The pyloric sphincter is a ringlike muscle located between which of the following two organs of the GI tract?

Stomach and small intestine

The stomach hormone that increases food intake is called ______.

ghrelin

Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients?

Mucosa

The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to

prevent the backflow of GI tract contents.

Peristalsis is a coordinated wave of relaxation and contraction of ______ muscles.

• circular

• longitudinal

The primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the _______ into the small intestine.

stomach

Which of the following are components of saliva? More than one answer may be correct.

• amylase

• mucus

• lipase

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called ______.

peristalsis

Swallowing moves food from the mouth to the ______.

esophagus.

Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?

• Alcohol

• Water

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called ______, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

HCl destroys most harmful ______ and viruses in foods.

bacteria

The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a ______ at a time.

teaspoon

Only a small amount of nutrient absorption occurs in the

stomach.

The liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of gastric secretions and partially digested food known as ______.

chyme

The substance necessary for the body to absorb Vitamin B-12 is:

intrinsic factor.

The first part of the small intestine is the ______.

duodenum

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by ______.

increasing the surface area

Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, that do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.

• gallbladder

• pancreas

• liver

The gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. This recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ______ circulation.

enterohepatic

In the small intestine, the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to:

• be completely mixed with digestive juices.

• come into close contact with the villi.

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered ______ structures.

accessory

What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?

Sodium bicarbonate

Pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down Blank______ for digestion.

lipids

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.

cholecystokinin

One function of bile in digestion is to ______ fats, to disperse fat into many tiny droplets.

emulsify

The villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine ______ times that of a smooth tube.

600

Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, that do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.

• pancreas

• liver

• gallbladder

Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down Blank______ for digestion.

starch

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen.

Gastrin

Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?

• Cardiovascular system

• Lymphatic system

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate.

Secretin

The choice of system used to transport nutrients is based primarily on whether the nutrients are:

fat or water soluble.

These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system.

Large protein molecules

Which of the following are absorbed in the large intestine?

Water and electrolytes

The roles of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine are to:

• digest and metabolize complex carbohydrates, fibers, and starches.

• make vitamin K and biotin.

Feces are formed and held in which organ?

large intestine

This disorder of the digestive system is characterized by a burning sensation or sour taste in the back of the mouth, especially after a large or fatty meal.

Heartburn

Which of the following are true about the lymphatic system?

• Lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky.

• The villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to larger lymph vessels.

Erosive and non-erosive reflux disease are both forms of ______.

GERD

Identify lifestyle changes used to treat GERD.

• losing weight

• managing stress

Bacteria that synthesize biotin and vitamin K reside in the ______ intestine.

large or colon

Experiencing heartburn more than 2 times a week may be a symptom of the digestive disorder ______.

gastroesophageal reflux disease

The acid-resistant bacteria Blank______ is one of the two main causes of peptic ulcers.

Helicobacter pylori

The unpleasant odor associated with flatulence is mainly attributed to:

sulfur.

These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system.

Large protein molecules

Medications used to treat GERD include:

• proton pump inhibitors.

• antacids.

Intestinal gas comes from Blank______. More than one answer may be correct.

• bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine

• swallowed air

Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called ______

flatulence, flatus, or flatus; flatulence

Most cases of diarrhea result from ______. More than one answer may be correct.

• bacterial infection

• viral infection

Gas comes primarily from the fermentation of undigested carbohydrates by ______ in the large intestine.

bacteria

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in younger ______.

women

Factors that contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome include

• altered gut immunity.

• psychosocial distress.

• abnormal intestinal motility.

A common GI tract problem in which the stool is loose and watery is ______.

diarrhea

The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States are

• Crohn's disease

• ulcerative colitis

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often triggered by:

specific foods.

Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the:

• bile duct.

• pancreatic duct.

Younger people most often develop ulcers in the

small intestine.

Dietary constituents that aggravate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome include ______.

• dairy products

• fruit

• honey

Which of the following yield energy? More than one answer may be correct.

• proteins

• fats

• carbohydrates

When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.

epiglottis

The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include:

• destroys harmful bacteria and viruses.

• inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.

• dissolves dietary minerals.

The stomach is responsible for the production of:

• ghrelin.

• intrinsic factor.

HCl destroys most harmful ________ and viruses in foods.

bacteria

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract, placing the first part at the top.

1. Duodenum

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

The pancreatic juices are very ______ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.

basic, alkaline

The main functions of the large intestine include:

• form and expel feces.

• house gut microbiota.

• absorb water and electrolytes.

The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include:

• inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.

• destroys harmful bacteria and viruses.

• dissolves dietary minerals.

What percent of the US population suffers from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

About 10-15%

Inflammatory bowel disease is Blank______ irritable bowel syndrome.

not the same as

Match the inflammatory bowel disease with its description.

Ulcerative colitis ←———→Inflammation and ulceration of the innermost layer of the large intestine

Crohn disease ←———→ Inflammation and ulceration through all layers of the GI tract

Digestive enzymes are produced in the ______.

• salivary glands

• pancreas

• stomach

Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ______.

defecation

The ______ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed.

large

Most cases of diarrhea result from ______. More than one answer may be correct.

• viral infection

• bacterial infection

People with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ______ secreted by the stomach.

mucus