Nutrition quizzes (D1-D4)

GE - energy lost in feces =

Net energy

The POTENTIAL energy of a food or diet

Gross energy

DE - lost in urine and gas =

Digestible energy

ME - energy used in eating - energy used in digesting

Metabolizable energy

Duodenum

Small intestine 

Colon

Large intestine

Most food absorption happens here

small intestine

Jejunum

small intestine

Most water absorption happens here

Large intestine

Ileum

Small intestine

Pancreatic enzymes are added here

Small intestine

What organ converts monosaccharides to glycogen for storage?

The liver

Catabolism

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy

Anabolism 

The building of complex molecules from simpler ones (uses ATP)

What are Energy producing?

Proteins, fats, Carbs

What are non-energy producing?

Water, vitamins, minerals

What defines a monogastric digestive system from the others?

A single chamber stomach 

Monogastric animals example

humans, pigs, dogs, cats

What defines a ruminant digestive system from the others?

Four chambered stomach, adapted for breaking down plant material through fermentation

What defines a pseudo ruminant digestive system from the others?

Three stomach chambers

Ruminant animals example?

Cows, sheep, goats

Pseudo ruminant animals?

Camels, llamas

Mechanical digestion

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces without altering its chemical structure (ex. chewing)

Chemical digestion

The breakdown of food using digestive chemicals (ex. digestion)

List all the Macrominerals

Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Chloride, Sodium, Magnesium

List all the Mircominerals

Selenium, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Iodine, Iron

The essential amino acid required only in cats?

Taurine

Which of the below are water soluble vitamins?

Vitamin B, C

Which of the below are fat soluble vitamins?

Vitamin E, K, D, A

Deficiency of this can cause lipofuscinosis

Vitamin E

The primary clinical manifestations of this deficiency include cachexia, muscle wasting, gastrointestinal disturbances, peripheral edema, anemia, and a dull, unkempt coat.

Protein

Excess of this nutrient is associated with hyperthyroidism

Iodine

Deficiency of this can cause black tongue disease

Vitamin B3

An excess of this can cause calcium oxalate uroliths

Vitamin C

An excess of what can cause osseocartilaginous hyperplasia of the first three cervical vertebrae?

Vitamin A

A deficiency of what causes nyctalopia?

Vitamin A

This deficiency is commonly seen with a raw freshwater fish diet

Vitamin B1

This is associated with struvite uroliths.

Magnesium 

A deficiency of this can cause DCM and central retinal degeneration in cats.

Taurine

A deficiency of this causes scurvy

Vitamin C

A deficiency of what causes rickets?

Vitamin D

What mineral is required in the largest amount in the diet?

Calcium

A deficiency of this can cause pansteatitis

Vitamin E

A deficiency of this can cause macrothrombocytopenia, neutropenia with hypersegmentation, anemia and megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow in puppies

Vitamin B12

A deficiency of this is associated with a diet high in raw egg whites.

Vitamin B7

A deficiency of this can cause prolonged clotting times

Vitamin K

A deficiency of this nutrient can cause photophobia

Vitamin A

A deficiency in t his leads to increased plasma Fe concentrations and megaloblastic anemia

Vitamin B9

Deficiencies of this can cause microcytic, hypochromic anemia

Iron, copper

A toxicity of this nutrient can cause irreversible soft tissue calcification.

Vitamin D, Phosphorus

Deficiency in this can cause achromatrichia

Zinc

Over supplementation of this nutrient can hinder absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin E

The biologically active form of Vitamin D

Calcitriol

Cats cannot convert beta-carotene from plants into what?

Vitamin A

This acts like a B-vitamin and is synthesized in the liver.

Choline

This is added to pet food to  help with weight management.

L-carnitine, Insoluble carbohydrates

what essential fatty acid do cats require but not dogs?

Arachidonic acid

How many essential amino acids do cats require?

11

How many essential amino acids do dogs require?

10

Instead of being stored in the body, WHAT is excreted by the kidneys as WHAT?

protein, urea

The amino acid Taurine is important to consider when reviewing a pets diet because

it is required in the diet for cats but not for dogs

Cats and dogs have a minimum requirement for carbohydrates in their diet. True/False

False

The essential building blocks of all tissues and organs

Proteins

_____- based proteins contain more essential amino acids than _____ - based proteins.

animal, plant

Simple carbohydrates and starches are digested primarily in the ____.

Carbohydrates 

The body stores excess protein. True/False

False

What cannot be synthesized in the bodies of dogs or cats?

Essential fatty acids

Vitamin D is a necessary vitamin in the diet of _______________________ because they cannot use sunlight to convert the provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) found in the skin to the active form.

Dogs and Cats

What is the fate of excess carbohydrates fed to a patient above its energy requirement?

Conversion to body fat

It is important that cats be fed foods with animal proteins since ________ is essential for cats.

Arachidonic acid

Cat food protein is _____ than dog food protein.

Higher

A low-carbohydrate diet can cause foetal abnormalities and a reduction in the number of live births in dogs. True/False

True

____________________can be measured in international units (IU) or retinol equivalents (RE).

Cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT a major function of fibre?

Act as essential building blocks of all tissues and organs

Why do cats have a higher protein requirement than dogs?

Because their liver will prefernetially use amino acids for energy

Which most represents an ideal weight loss per week for a cat, expressed in terms of percentage of its total obese body weight?

0.50%

Cats cannot convert beta carotene into Vitamin

Vitamin A

Feeding dog food to a cat is ____________ advised.

Never

Cats should be fed at least how many times per day

Twice per day

Why do cats have a higher protein requirement than dogs?

Because their liver will prefernetially use amino acids for energy

It is important that cats be fed foods with animal proteins since ________ is essential for cats.

Arachidonic acid

In cats, a lack of this essential nutrient for more than 24h can lead to hyperammonemia

Arginine

Cats have a minimum requirement for 25% carbohydrates in their diet, while dogs require 55% carbohydrates in their diet. True/False

False, pets don’t have a min carb requirement

Cats can not use linolenic acid to synthesize

Arachidonic acid

Cats cannot synthesize this essential amino acid from cysteine

Taurine

What essential fatty acid do cats require but not dogs?

Arachidonic acid

Dietary taurine is essential in cats and clinical disease results if insufficient amounts are present. True/False

True

What amino acid does a cat require in its diet to avoid dilated cardiomyopathy?

Taurine

Cats have reduced pancreatic _________ production, which is non adaptive due to their natural low-carb diet.

Amylase

Cats have a higher protein requirement than dogs because cats

use a certain amount of protein for energy.

Which pet specifically requires dietary sources of taurine?

Cats

Which amino acid must be present in cat food but not in dog food?

Taurine

How long after birth does peak colostrum ingestion terminate?

24 hours

When should a pregnant dog begin to transition to a growth formula?

week 5-6

Kittens are generally fed a growth formula food until they are approximately how old?

10-12 months

When a female dog is bred, the amount of food (Calories) she is fed should be increased:

5 or 6 weeks after breeding

A bitch's food caloric needs are highest:

During the fourth week of lactation

The goal of feeding large-breed puppies is to

decrease the growth rate but still reach the dog’s genetic potential at maturity

As a dog or cat transitions from immature to mature, the recommended diet change is for the:

Decrease in fat and increase in fiber