Three Key Economic Ideas
People are rational
People respond to incentives
Optimal decisions are made at the margin
Scarcity
Unlimited wants exceed limited resources (to fulfill the wants of consumers)
Economics
the study of choices people make to attain their goals, given their scare resources
Economic model
simplified versions of reality used to analyse real-world economic applications
Needs
Goods and services essential for life
Wants
Goods and services that are desired to improve the quality of life but are not essential
3 main groups in economy
Households
Firms
Government
Trade-off
Because of scarcity, producing more of one good/service means producing one less of another good/service
Household
decision-making unit
consume goods and services
owners of Factor of Production (FoP) - factor input
Firms
decision-making unit
produces goods and services
buys Factor of Production from Households
Government
provide framework of Rules and Laws for Household and Firms to operate within
in some economies, Government is also involved in Production
Rational
using all available information to achieve goals
Optimal decisions are made at the margin
decisions where involve doing a little more or a little less of something
Trade-off - 3 questions
What Goods and Services will be produced?
How will the Goods and Services be produced?
Who will receive the Goods and Services produced?
Productive efficiency
Goods and services produced at the lowest possible cost
Allocative efficiency
production is in accordance with consumer preferences (produces G+S up to the point until the last unit provides a marginal benefit to society equal to the marginal cost of producing it
Positive analysis
analysis concerned with what is
facts
usually come from Government
Normative analysis
analysis concerned with what ought to be
slight negative connotation
can come from people, private sectors (not from Government)
Microeconomics
the study of:
how Households and Firms make choices
how H and F interact in markets
how Government attempts to influence their choice
Macroeconomics
the study of:
the economy as a whole
e.g: inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
Factors of Production
C - Cell
E - Entrepreneur
L - Labour
L - Land
Factors of Production
produce Goods and Services
Economic Resources
Capital
tools, equipment, factories used in production
man-made resources
physical capital or human capital
Entrepreneur
individuals who start a business/ bring a new product to market
founder
innovates/organise ideas/business strategies
ensures the production process (FoP) are running smoothly
Land
natural resources
gifts of nature
not created by human effort
land (literal)
e.g: water, timber, oil,
Labour
people with all their effort and abilities
human resources and effort
physical effort