Mizzou BIO_1020 Exam #1 Fall2024

concentration gradient

Difference in solute concentration between two areas

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

selective permeability

A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances (generally water)

What is turgor pressure?

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall.

What provides turgor pressure in plant cells?

Vacuoles and cell wall.

water potential

the potential energy of a volume of water, expressed as a pressure

cell

Basic unit of life

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

What is a cell wall?

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Where are cell walls present?

Cell walls are present in most prokaryotes (except mollicute bacteria), in algae, fungi, and eukaryotes including plants but are absent in animals.

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

Cristae

finger like projectional folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of membranous sacs and channels inside cells, of ten bearing ribosomes.

Difference in Rough ER & Smooth ER

Rough ER - contains ribosomes
Smooth - No ribosomes

Eukaryotic

A cell characterized by a nucleus and notably membrane-bound organelles

Grana

disc-like structures inside chloroplasts

Golgi body

A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell.

mitochrondrion

rod-shaped cell structures that produce most of the energy needed to carry out the cell's functions (powerhouse of the cell)

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Nucleus

membrane bound oganelle containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction, as well as the nucleolus

Organelle

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Phosopholipids

Primary structural component of cellular membrane. head is hydrophilic. tail is hydrophobic. composed of fatty acids and phosphate groups

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is important for structure in membrane, as well as acting as enzymes. R group give it definition

prokaryotic

An organism whose cells do not have a nucleus nor membrane bound organelles, such as bacteria.

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Vacuole

membrane bound cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. often large in plant cells

assumption

A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.

bar graph

A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to display data

categorical data

Data that consists of names, labels, or other nonnumerical values

continuous variable

a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Data

Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect. Proving or disproving a hypothesis.

experimental error

inaccuracy due to procedural faults

extrapolation

the act of estimation by projecting known information

Histogram

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Inference

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

Interpolation

an estimation of a value within two known values in a sequence of values

line graph

A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time

mean

average value

median

the absolute middle in a series of numbers, ordered high to low

prediction

A statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events.

Replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

sampling error

an error that occurs when a sample somehow does not represent the target population

treatment group

the participants in an experiment who are exposed to the level of the independent variable that involves a medication, therapy, or intervention

plasma membrane

biological barrier that surrounds and protects the cell, regulating the movement of substances in and out. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates, playing a key role in communication and signaling. It maintains homeostasis and supports cell structure.

signal protein

type of protein that transmits signals within and between cells, often involved in communication processes. These proteins can bind to specific receptors, triggering a response that influences cellular activities, such as growth, metabolism, or immune responses. Examples include hormones and neurotransmitters.

transport protein

A type of protein that facilitates the movement of substances across a cell membrane. These proteins can help in the passive or active transport of ions, nutrients, and other molecules, ensuring that cells maintain homeostasis and acquire necessary compounds for function.