NUR 327: vocab quiz 11

advance directives - terminal illness & EOL

a legal document that specifies the client's wishes when they are incapacitated

aneuploidy

an imbalanced chromosomal complement caused by one or more extra or missing chromosomes

ataxia

poor coordination or balance

blastocyst

stage of embryonic development in which the organism is a mass of cells covered by an outer layer called the trophoblast

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

a chronic lung disease due to high volume or pressure from mechanical ventilation that causes damage to the lung tissues. incidence increases with decreasing gestational age of a premature newborn

cardiomyopathy

disorders of the heart muscle that prevent it from contracting as expected

CD4 T lymphocytes

a type of T lymphocyte produced in the bone marrow

cell-free DNA prenatal screening test

a screening test for fetal aneuploidy performed on maternal blood

code status

a documented plan for which any interventions will be initiated in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest. code status is agreed upon by the client, family, and health care team

coroner

a gov't official who investigates the cause of death and confirms the identity of the deceased

embryonic

the stage of development after implantation occurs through week 10

exocrine

glands that secrete their contents into cavities or the exterior of the body

extrapyramidal effects

dyskinesias and parkinson-like manifestations resulting from the blockage of dopamine

failure to thrive

a condition in which a pediatric client does not gain weight or grow as expected; also called faltering growth

gyri

ridges on the surface of the brain

homeostasis

the state of equilibrium by the body

horseshoe kidney

development outside of the expected range in which kidneys fuse together at the lower end, creating a "U" shape

hospice care

a model of holistic end-of-life care aimed at improving the quality of life for those who are dying and their support systems

hyperbilirubinemia

increased bilirubin levels in the blood

incidence

the number of new cases of a disease or condition over a specified time period in a specified population

intraventricular hemorrhage

bleeding inside or around the ventricles in the brain that contain the cerebrospinal fluid

leukemia

cancer originating in the bone marrow that affects the blood cells produced there

lymphoma

cancer originating from the lymphatic system, which includes bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes

macrophages

WBC that destroy pathogens

malignant

indicates the presence of cells that are cancerous

medicaid

a state administered health insurance plan for low-income individuals and families

metabolic acidosis

a condition characterized by an excess of acid in the body, typically caused by an accumulation of acids or a decrease in bicarbonate levels, leading to a decrease in blood pH and potential disturbances in organ function

metabolism

the chemical processes by which food is converted into energy

microcephaly

small head size

micrognathia

a condition in which the individual has a small lower jaw and receding chin

monocytes

the largest of the WBC; they assist in destroying micro-organisms

necrotizing enterocolitis

inflammation of the lining of the intestines that can lead to damage and necrosis

neonatal

the period of life b/n birth and 28 days of age

nephrons

the functional structural unit of the kidney in which substances cleared by the kidneys are removed from the blood, electrolytes are balance, and renin and erythropoietin are produced

omphalocele

a defect in the detal abdominal wall that allows the contents of the fetal abdomen to protrude, covered only by a thin membrane

oncology

a branch of medicine focused on the study and tx of cancer

open neural tube defect

a neural tube defect when the brain or spinal cord are exposed at birth through a defect in the skull or vertebrae

palliative care

a model of health care focused on improving the quality of life for clients with life-threatening or life-limiting conditions

phenotypes

the collection of traits that can be observed in an individual as a result of their genotype interacting w their environment

prevalence

the number of all existing cases (new and preexisting) of a disorder in a specified population over a specified time period

pruritus

itchiness

respiratory depression

shallow depth when breathing and a slow RR

scoliosis

unexpected sideways curving of the spine

sepsis

an overwhelming and life-threatening response to an infection

sulci

grooves or channels in a bodily structure, such as the brain

telangiectasias

small, widened blood vessels visible through the skin; also called spider veins

tetralogy of Fallot

a congenital heart malformation in which there are four heart problems: a ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve stenosis, thickening of the RV, and the aorta is connected to both atria above the ventricular septal defect

titrating

to adjust the dosage of medication based on clinical indicators

uremia

an accumulation of blood and other waste products that are usually eliminated by the kidneys

vertical transmission

transmission of a pathogen from a mother to a baby during the period immediately before and after birth

X-linked

inherited traits caused by genes located on the X chromosome

angioedema - insomnia meds

swelling of subcutaneous or soft tissues, often seen in the lips, face, neck, and oral mucous membranes. it is a medical emergency when anaphylaxis is present

cataplexy

sudden onset of temporary loss of muscle strength, often precipitated by intense emotion

circadian rhythm

the body's natural desire for sleep-wake cycles during a 24-hr period as regulated by the hypothalamus and influenced by light levels detected from the retina

complex sleep behaviors

activities a person participates in while asleep w/o having any recollection of the activity, such as driving, sleepwalking, cooking, making phone calls, or taking medication

enuresis

urinary incontinence; also known as bedwetting

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

a CNS neurotransmitter that works to decrease or inhibit the tranismission of the signals, resulting in decreased excitability of the neurons

hepatic encephalopathy

a syndrome of neuropsychiatric manifestations caused by the accumulation of neurotoxic substances due to liver dysfunction

melatonin

a naturally occurring hormone released by the pineal gland that affects circadian rhythm and helps w/ sleep induction

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by a disruption in the sleep-wake process that causes excessive daytime sleepiness

night terrors

episodes of intense fear, screaming, sweating, and flailing occurring during sleep that the client does not remember when awake; also known as sleep terrors

psychotropic

a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior

sleep latency

the amount of time it takes someone to transition from full wakefulness to sleep

somnolence

excessive sleepiness