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Human Development
Scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human life span
Human Development
Aimed at dealing with internal and external conditions of existence
Life-span Development
Concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied physically
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Psychosocial Development
The Study of Human Development Basic Concepts
Physical Development
growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills and health are parts of _______ ________
Cognitive Development
Pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking
Psychosocial Development
Pattern of change in emotions, personality and social relationships.
Social Construction
A concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it, but that in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society.
Individual Differences
Hereditary
Environment
Maturation
Influences on Development
Individual Differences
Differences in characteristics, influences or developmental outcomes
Hereditary
Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents
Environment
Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development
Maturation
Unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes
Nuclear Family
Extended Family
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Risk Factors
Culture
Ethic Group
Context of Development
Nuclear Family
Two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children or stepchildren.
Extended Family
Multigenerational kinship network of parents, children and other relatives, sometimes living together in an extended-family household.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation.
Risk Factors
Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative developmental outcome.
Culture
A society’s or group total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language and physical products — all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children
Ethic Group
A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, and/or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity.
Ethnic Gloss
Normative
Cohort
Historical Generation
Nonnormative
Historical Context
Ethnic Gloss
Overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that obscures differences within the group
Normative
Characteristics of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group
Cohort
A group of people born at about the same time
Historical Generation
A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period.
Nonnormative
Characteristics of an unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at unusual time of life
Imprinting
Critical Period
Plasticity
Sensitive Periods
Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods
Imprinting
Instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother.
Critical Period
Specific time when a given or its absence has a specific impact on development.
Plasticity
Range of modifiability of performance
Sensitive Periods
Times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences
Development is lifelong
Development is multidimensional
Development is multidirectional
Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the life span
Development involves changing resource allocations
Development shows plasticity
Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context
Paul B. Baltes’s Lifespan Developmental Approach
John Locke
He believed that a young child is a tabula rasa — blank slate on which society writes.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
He believed that children are born noble savages who developed according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society.
Mechanistic Model
Model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli
Organismic Model
Model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.
Psychosexual Development
In Freudian Theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals.
Psychosocial Development
In Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self
Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky’s theory of how contextual factors affect children’s development
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
Research Methods
Quantitative Research
Research that deals with objectively measurable data
Qualitative Research
Research that focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs.